Water treatment factors influencing

Many factors influence acid corrosion. Metallurgy, temperature, water turbulence, surface geometry, dissolved oxygen concentration, metal-ion concentration, surface fouling, corrosion-product formation, chemical treatment, and, of course, the kind of acid (oxidizing or nonoxidizing, strong or weak) may markedly alter corrosion. 

Investigation of the differences in crystal packing between (431) and (426) from comparison of their respective X-ray structures, revealed that (431) was more tightly packed than (442), reflected in their respective melting points of 235 and 170 °C. It was postulated that the absence of in vivo activity for (431) may be explained by the resultant reduction in water solubility and dissolution rate compared with (426). The comparatively high calculated polar surface area of (431) (122.5A ) compared with (426) (89.3 A ) was also proposed as a factor influencing the marked difference in bioavailability between the two related compounds. Compound (426) (SLV-319) is currently being developed with Bristol-Myers Squibb for the potential treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Phase I trials for obesity were started in April 2004. Earlier Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis, which commenced in April 2002, appear to have been abandoned. 

Novo A, Manaia CM (2010) Factors influencing antibiotic resistance burden in municipal waste water treatment plants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87(3) 1157-1166... 

Research is continuing on the main factors that influence oocyst flocculation since variations in chemical dosing, water chemistry or oocyst characteristics could potentially lead to oocyst breakthrough in water treatment plants. In recent years researchers have proposed that the interactions between oocysts and different coagulants may be quite different [Bustamante et al., 2001]. 

A fouled condenser can be identified by an increase in vapor condensing temperature, whereas a fouled general cooler will not provide the anticipated hot water return temperature. Fouling is the primary factor in heat-transfer coefficient with which we are most concerned, and one which we can directly influence with a good water treatment program. 

The fact is that there is no substitute for fully understanding the many potential factors that can influence the satisfactory implementation of a cooling water treatment program. For this reason alone, it is doubtful that operators will be able to fully control their cooling systems without the support of experienced service company field personnel. 

Problems of selection of granular activated carbons in connection with their application for water treatment have been discussed. Analysis of some factors influencing adsorption has been carried out and solution of technolc ic systems has been invented. Physicochemical properties of granular activated carbons of different European firms have been tested. Adsorption capacities of carbons for some model substances of different groups of pollutants have been established. Adsorption in static and dynamic conditions has been compared and correlated. 

Water treatment in waterworks may be solved by means of either unified or individual technology. In Poland and other countries, the coagulational — adsorptive system, frequently cormected with preliminary oxidation is proposed for surface water treatment. In these solutions, powdered carbon is an adsorptive bed and granular carbon serves to the final purification. In the case of equal concentrations of pollutants only dynamic sorption is used [17—22]. The knowledge of mechanisms of adsorption, sorbent characteristics, concentration and kind of pollutants, other factors influencing sorption capacity of carbons and kinetics of adsorption is required for the correct solution of adsorption processes [23, 24]. 

Factors Influencing the Application of Activated Carbon in Drinking Water Treatment... 

Electrolysis is the reaction of either oxidation or reduction taking place at the surface of conductive electrodes immersed in an electrolyte, under the influence of an applied potential. This process is used for reclaiming heavy metals from concentrated aqueous solutions. Application to waste water treatment may be limited because of cost factors. A frequent application is the recovery for recycle or reuse of metals, like copper, from waste streams. Pilot applications include oxidation of cyanide waste and separation of oil-water mixtures. Gaseous emissions may occur and, if they are hazardous and cannot be vented to the atmosphere, further treatment, such as scrubbing, is required. Waste water from the process may also require further treatment. 

Magnesium oxide has very limited solubility in water. However, an accurate determination is complicated by trace quantities of dissolved carbon dioxide in the water and the purity of the sample, where the presence of lime can introduce error. Another complicating factor is the source of the periclase and what heat treatment it had received. All these factors influence the rate at which equilibrium is reached in solution and hence solubility. Many solubility measurements have been made that have produced a wide variation in results. The most accurate determination to date has produced a result of 8.6 mg/L at 30°C. Caustic-calcined magnesia readily hydrates to the hydroxide on exposure to moisture. 

OLGA installation costs are high however, and energy is lost in cooling down the RME scrubber - factors that influence the economic performance in similar ways to secondary waste water treatments in less sophisticated gas cleaning installations [31]. 

---