Water-soluble properties monomer

Moreover, some water-soluble functional monomers can be used in emulsion copoljanerizations or terpol)anerizations. Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric add, crotonic acid, maleic acid, itoconic acid, N-methylol acrylamide and some pol)mierizable monomer containing amines, amides and acetoacetates are used alone and in combination with each other to improve the stability and adhesion properties of VAc emulsion pol)miers. 

For example, the statistical free radical polsrmerizations of 32C and 33C with V-isopropyl acrylamide were successfully conducted in DMSO employing AIBN at 50°C (234,235). This yielded readily water-soluble copolymers with a thermosensitive component. Such copol5miers are also interesting since they can exhibit antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (234,236,237). Novel water-soluble sulfonium monomers such as 31C can be polymerized and used as precursor pol5miers for the synthesis of light-emitting polymers such as poly(2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)-l,4-phenylenevinylene (238). 

However, the mechanism of action of filtration control additives is not yet completely understood. Examples are bentonite, latex, various organic polymers, and copolymers. Many additives for fluid loss are water-soluble polymers. Vinyl sulfonate fluid loss additives based on the 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) monomer are in common use in field cementing operations [363]. The copolymerization of AMPS with conjugate monomers yields a fluid loss agent whose properties include minimal retardation, salt tolerance, high efficiency, thermal stability, and excellent solids support. 

In copolymers containing the styrene sulfonate moiety and maleic anhydride units, the maleic anhydride units can be functionalized with alkyl amine [1411-1416]. The water-soluble polymers impart enhanced deflocculation characteristics to the mud. Typically, the deflocculants are relatively low-molecular-weight polymers composed of styrene sodium sulfonate monomer maleic anhydride, as the anhydride and/or the diacid and a zwitterionic functionalized maleic anhydride. Typically the molar ratio of styrene sulfonate units to total maleic anhydride units ranges from 3 1 to 1 1. The level of alkyl amine functionalization of the maleic anhydride units is 75 to 100 mole-percent. The molar concentrations of sulfonate and zwitterionic units are not necessarily equivalent, because the deflocculation properties of these water-soluble polymers can be controlled via changes in their ratio. 

PVA Formation Reaction. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is itself a modified polymer being made by the alcoholysis of poly(vinyl acetate) under acid or base catalysis as shown in Equation 1 (6.7). This polymer cannot be made by a direct polymerization because the vinyl alcohol monomer only exists in the tautomeric form of acetaldehyde. This saponification reaction can also be run on vinyl acetate copolymers and this affords a means of making vinyl alcohol copolymers. The homopolymer is water soluble and softens with decomposition at about 200°C while the properties of the copolymers would vary widely. Poly(vinyl alcohol) has been widely utilized in polymer modification because ... 

Polymers of N, N, N, A-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) (and its copolymers with acrylamide) are allyl resins in terms of the monomers used but are very different in properties since they are not crosslinked. Cyclopolymerization is the mode of reaction (Sec. 6-6b) and the polymers are water-soluble. Applications include potable and wastewater treatment (flocculation aid) and paper and textile industries (antistatic coating, reinforcement, color removal). 

For example, an aqueous suspension homopolymerization would normally not be appropriate for water-soluble monomers such as acrylamide or acrylic acid. For such cases, it may be possible that with high levels of neutral salts, the water solubility of such monomers may be reduced to permit the use of suspension polymerization techniques. Other monomers may have other unique properties that require some modifications of the basic procedures. 

The similarity of the reaction rate-time curve of chloroprene (Figure 8) to the styrene curve is possibly caused by the similar properties of these monomers with respect to water solubility, solubility of the polymer in the monomer, and the absolute reaction rate values. 

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