Water Remediation Processes

Processes reported in Table 1 have been carried out at temperature ranging, typically, between 20 and 40°C. Though the investigations carried out at lower temperature are very few [26, 33], this issue holds a key role in the design and optimization of the conversion processes. Provided that the heating-up of the waste-water streams is not economically feasible, the remediation process should be carried out at low temperature, particularly pressing in rigorous climate countries [50]. 

Once a bioremediation effort is started, the bioreactions that occur in the presence of added electron acceptors will result in significant variations of water chemistry across the three-dimensional area of the aquifer. Careful monitoring of these variations is an important indicator of the effectiveness of the remediation process. 

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to treat or stabilize contaminated soils, sediments, or water. Plants provide and support remediation processes in many ways. Common applications of phytoremediation-based systems include remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater, reuse of municipal wastewater and biosolids, reuse of industrial wastewater and by-products, alternative landfill capping and erosion control, and landfill leachate reuse. 

Heterogeneities or anomalies in the soil will reduce removal efficiencies. Extreme pHs at the electrodes may inhibit the system s effectiveness. The electrokinetic remediation process is limited by the solubility of the contaminant, the desorption of the contaminants from the soil matrix, and reduction-oxidation changes induced by the electrode reactors. Electrokinetic remediation requires sufficient pore water to transmit the electrical charge. Contaminant and noncontaminant concentrations effect the efficiency of the process. 

Gultekin, I. and Ince, N.H. (2007) Synthetic endocrine disrupters in the environment and water remediation by advanced oxidation processes. 

Von Sonntag C (1996) Degradation of Aromatics by Advanced Oxidation Processes in Water Remediation some Basics Considerations, Journal Water Supply Research and Technology-Aqua 45 84-91. Xiong F, Graham N J D (1992) Research Note Removal of Atrazine through Ozonation in the Presence of Humic Substances, Ozone Science Engineering 14 283-301. 

It is necessary to understand the behavior of soil-water and its mineral components (e.g., nutrients, con taminants) for the purpose of developing conceptual and/or mechanistic process models. Such models can be used to predict nutrient fate in soil-water or contamination-decontamination of soil-water and to develop soil-water remediation-decontamination technologies. To gain an understanding of the soil-water mineral components, their physical and chemical properties need to be known. 

The most important water treatment technologies are summarized in Fig. 5-6. Depending on the source and on the water quahty, either mechanical, biological, physical, thermal, or chemical processes or their combinations may be applied. Photochemical AOPs and AOTs are subordinated to chemical processes, mainly because the current technological versions of photochemical wastewater remediation are dependent on the addition of auxihary oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone or special catalysts such as titanium dioxide. Photochemical AOPs are attractive alternatives to non-destructive physical water treatment processes, for example adsorption, air stripping or desorption and membrane processes. The last merely transport contaminants from one phase to another, whereas the former are able to minerahze organic water contaminants (cf. Chapter 1). 

Buckley, L.P., Vijayan, S., and Wong, C.F., Remediation process technology for ground water. Nuclear Waste Management and Environmental Remediation, in Proc. Int. Conf. Prague, 1993, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 33, 1993. 

To see that, let us focus on a couple of factors that mainly determine the economy of the EB remediation process i.e. a high power (by which high volumes of water can be rehabilitated daily), and the efficiency (which establishes the transfer rate ofthe accelerator nominal power into useful energy). To this respect, it is instructive to learn from Table 2 that DC and UHF machines (Chapter 2) best match with these requirements. In the DC type machines, electrons are accelerated by a direct-current field, while in the UHF type, acceleration occurs across an electromagnetic field oscillating at few hundreds MHz. These accelerators achieve high powers coupled with moderately-high efficiencies, and therefore represent the best choice for wastewater treatment. At present, the linear accelerators, which are based on a microwave field, show efficiencies and power below the others, such that they are not suitable for environmental purposes. 

Abstract Tlie fundamentals and novel developments of water-based remediation processes for metals are investigated and assessed. Recent developments in tlie area of metal remediation in connection with ultrafiltration are the main focus. In addition, the LPR method is explained and highlighted in view of the application in different areas. 

The polymer reagents for the remediation process in the aqueous phase are called polychelatogens. They consist of water-soluble polymers and have been investigated and reviewed extensively. By using different basis polymers and chelating moieties a great variety of polymer reagents with selectivities for many different metal ions can be provided. ... 

Hazardous waste Water Remediation Industrial Services Analytical Services Resource Recovery Waste Management Equipment Process and Prevention Technology... 

A range of chemical remediation processes is at various stages of development, both for in situ and ex situ applications. Many of these are based on the treatment of waste water or other hazardous waste. However, the range of processes that have been widely used at full scale is restricted. Major types include ... 

---