Water economic importance

A value of Ai/298 —199.2 8.4 kJ/mol (—47.61 2.0 kcal/mol) has been calculated for this reaction, which is of considerable economic importance to glass manufacturers because 2 3 during glass (qv) processing are gready increased by the presence of water. For this reason anhydrous borates or... 

Of even more economic importance is the rheological impact of the addition of KC1 to conventional water-base drilling fluids. KC1 causes undesirable increases in both yield point and gel strength that can only be eliminated by chemical disperants or by dilution with fresh water. Dilution in turn requires more KC1 for clay inhibition, and the cycle continues with mud costs escalating exponentially. 

Manufacturing of olive oil is of fundamental economic importance for many Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Italy, Greece, Spain. ..). However this process involves an intensive consumption of water and produces large amounts of Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW), that is released without any treatment into the aquatic environment causing deleterious environmental effects [1]. OMWs are a serious environmental and social problem in Mediterranean countries [2], due to the high pollutant load, seasonal discharge, type and quality of the pollutants and difficulties to find technically and economically favourable solution. 

Bryan, G. W., Preston, A. and Templeton, W. L. (1966). Accumulation of radionuclides by aquatic organisms of economic importance in the United Kingdom, page 623 in Disposal of Radioactive Wastes into Seas, Oceans and Surface Waters, IAEA Publication No. STI/PUB/125 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna). 

Standardized techniques and equipment for such investigations are in widespread use. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for metabolism investigations in aquatic animals. Most of the world s animals exclusive of the insects —over 200,000 known species -- live at least a part of their lives in water over 100 species have major economic importance and they form the populations most often at risk of exposure to a growing number of chemical pollutants, but science remains largely ignorant of the disposition of xenobiotics by intact, living specimens of even the most common of the aquatic animals. 

The number of ozone production plants built by German industrial companies from 1954-1997 as shown in Table 3-4 might be considered as an indicator of the economical importance of the use of ozone in full-scale applications, at least in Germany and some other European countries. Almost 90 % of these systems were set-up during the last 25 years, with an dramatic increase since 1991 (Bohme, 1999). For comparison it is also worth mentioning that in the USA only about 60 water works were using ozone in 1992 (Masschelein, 1994). 

The mobilized hydrocarbons, which move within the energy fields to which the formation water is subjected, may be unloaded by a variety of mechanisms, many of which are influenced by the water movement itself. For example, osmotic membrane effects result in salinity changes in the formation waters, which in turn can cause unloading of the hydrocarbons. The movement of formation water past bedded salt or anhydrite results in solution of the salt or anhydrite, increased salinity of the formation water and possible changes in the capacity of the formation water to accommodate hydrocarbons. Many similar situations can be visualized but because of the economic importance of studies of the unloading mechanism, no published reports are available. 

In the second step, the synthesis gas and additional steam are passed over a metal oxide catalyst at about 400°C. Under these conditions, the carbon monoxide component of the synthesis gas and the steam are converted to carbon dioxide and more hydrogen. This reaction of CO with H20 is called the water-gas shift reaction because it shifts the composition of synthesis gas by removing the toxic carbon monoxide and producing more of the economically important hydrogen ... 

The transport rates of substances in river water are of economic importance, e.g. in potentially hazardous or pollution incidents. These transport rates have usually been measured by expensive tracer experiments with salts, colored compounds, or radioactive isotopes which can themselves be pollutants if the measurements are repeated frequently. 

Halides are compounds that include one of the halogen elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The simplest halides are combinations of one element, such as sodium (Na), with a halogen element, such as chlorine (Cl). Complex halides combine two or more elements with a halogen, and some contain water. Some halides are economically important minerals, such as halite (common salt), fluorite (fluorine), and chlorargyrite (silver ore). 

This is a problem of enormous economic importance. Owing to the large number of factors involved, numerous systems of water purification are m use in various parts of the world. 

Thus, we find that the ratio H20/P205 could theoretically vary from 1 to 5. The H20/P205 ratio of 3 corresponds to the acid H3P04, and the acids containing condensed phosphates can be considered as being formed from this acid by the loss of water. Therefore, the practical limit for H20/P205 is 3. The discussion that follows will show the chemistry of most of these phosphoric acids because some of these compounds and their salts are of great economic importance. 

Coral reefs are productive, diverse, and economically important ecosystems that dominate hard-bottomed habitats in low-nutrient tropical and subtropical waters. On pristine coral reefs, it is widely accepted that fleshy macroalgae are rarely spatially... 

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