Water cress

Crane, M., Delaney, R, and Watson, S. et al. (1995). The effect of malathion 60 on Gammarus pulex below water cress beds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14, 1181-1188. 

Colorless to yellow to brownish liquid with a pleasant and aromatic odor, resembling water cress. 

IBERIS — A Species of Water-cress or Cardamom (a Medicinal Seed), or Lepidium, which is called Sidymbrium by Dioscorides. 

SION or SIUM — Water-cress, according to some explanations. 

Benzyl bromide is prepared by the direct bromination of toluene in the. same way as xylyl bromide is obtained from xylene. In its pure. state, benzyl bromide Is a transparent liquid, with a specific gravity of 1.44, which boils at 201 C. (393.8 F.), yielding vapor 0 times heaWer than air and with a pleasant aromatic odor resembling water cress. It is inuoliiblo in water and is only very slowly decomposed thereby. Its great cliemical stability, low vapor pressure, 2.0 mm. Hg at 20 C. (68 F.), and low volatility, 2.4 mg. per liter at 20 C. (68 F.), assures its j>ersistence on the terrain. 

This ether has a typical mushroom odor. According to Winter et al. (1976e), at a concentration of 10 ppm in a syrup base, it has a green, water-cress like flavor an earthy, mushroom note being perceived, when tasted, at 0.7 ppm in a neutral soluble coffee base. 

PhCH2CH2C(SGlc)=N0S03H C15H21NO9S2 423.464 Isol. from Nasturtium officinale (water cress), Barbarea vulgaris (winter cress) and other crucifers. Off-white cryst. (MeOH/ EtOH) (as K salt). 

Lentils, dried Celery Chard, Swiss Cucumber Dandelion greens Eggplant Endive, curly Kale Knhimbi lettuce Mushrooms Okra Squash, summer Squash, winter Sweet potato Tomatoes or jeice Turnip greens Turnip Water cress ... 

Prairie Turnip (Bread root), Psoralea spp Prickly Pear (Indian fig), Opunita spp Purslane, Portulaca oleracea Salsify (Oyster plant), Tragopogon spp Tepary Bean, Phaseolus acutifolius Thistle, Cirsium spp Water Cress, Nasturtium officianale Water Lily (Yellow water lily), Nupharspp Wild Rose, Rosa spp... 

W-nitrosodiethylamine from soil by wheat, barley and several vegetable crops has been demonstrated (17,18). Rapid disappearance of the N-nitrosoamine absorbed by plants was observed. Sander et al. (19) observed that several W-nitrosoamines could be removed from water by cress, but the residues rapidly decreased when W-nitrosamine containing water was replaced with non-contaminated water. Dean-Raymond and Alexander (20) reported... 

Bioassay of Extracts. Extracts tested for the presence of cyclohexi-mide were also bioassayed for phytotoxicity. The extracts were redis-sOlved in acetone, and 0.2 mg in 2 pi was applied to 6-cm-dia disks of filter paper. The extract was distributed on the paper with 0.2 ml of methanol. The disks were dried with warm air, placed in 1.5 x 6 cm petri dishes, and moistened with 1.5 ml distilled water. Ten cress seeds were placed on the paper, and after incubation for 3 d at 28 C radicle length of the seedlings was measured. 

Et Et Et - F Dissolved in water green, allium (onion garden cress) M 69... 

Crude extracts, fractions, or pure compounds are dissolve in an appropriate solvent, then serially diluted to obtain the desired concentration. Solutions are filter sterilized prior to bioassay. In a glass petri dish, a known quantity of test solutions are applied onto a filter paper (Whatman No. 1) and allowed to evaporate to dryness. To each petri dish, 10-15 seeds of the test species are added followed by deionized Water (1.5 ml). For example, curley cress (Lepidium sativum L.)is used as an example for a broad leaf species. Negative controls consist of an equal amounts of evaporated solvent and deionized H2O. All treatments are replicated thrice. Petri dishes are then covered, randomized, and placed in a humid chamber for 72 h at 26°C. Thereafter, root lengths are measured and an I50 (50% germination or growth inhibition) level is determined for each of the treatments. Data are subjected to ANOVA and means are compared by an LSD test [92]. 

Frozen vegetables may have total counts of up to 100000 g. Exotic imported vegetables should be tested for coliforms, E. coli and enterococci as human waste is widely used as a fertiliser in Asia. Cress has also been implicated in a number of food poisoning incidents and should be tested for E. coli, as it may have been grown in water polluted with sewage. 

After a dark pretreatment with ALA or metal chelators etiolated cress plants show an increase of pchl(ide) synthesis under our experimental conditions to 214% (ALA), 119% (Phe), 146% (2 2) and 136% (8H) of the water control (Fig.2). The chlorophyll content of ALA-fed seedlings is found to be diminished (80% chi a, 43% chi b of water control) after exposure to white light for 12h. A similar, but stronger effect can be seen after incubation with metal chelators (Fig.l). The reduced rate of greening concerns chi b to the same extent as chi a, but not carotenoids (see Table I). 

Plants take up arsenic passively with the water flow. Concentrations in plants grown on uncontaminated soils vary from 0.009 to 1.5 mg/kg dry weight with correlations between the contents of soils and plants [21]. Mushrooms seem to be As accumulators as are soybeans, cabbage, and cress [19,20]. In cattle forage 2 mg/kg is allowed by the German government. Increased arsenic contents were found in plants near As-emitting factories [18]. 

Radicle elongation was a more sensitive measure than germination. Phytotoxicity decreased as the distance from rye shoot material to assay seeds increased. Generally, cress and lettuce were more sensitive indicators than the grass species tested. Phytotoxic compounds from shoots were water extractable. To evaluate the effect of plant part and quantity of residue, roots, shoots, or both were assayed at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/dish and placed 5 mm away from the assay seed. Similar amounts of paper towels were used as controls. Shoot tissue was about twice as toxic as root tissue. The data suggested that under field conditions, a... 

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