Water cooling theory

Water Cooling Theory, Cooling Tower Design, Cooling Tower Fill, Gas Quench Towers, Quench Tower Design, Total Condenser Theory, Total Condenser Design, Partial Condenser Theory, Chlorine Gas Cooling, Vacuum Crude Stills, Atmospheric Crude Stills, Olefin Primary Fractionator, Olefin Water Quench Tower, Example Problem, Notation, References... 

The reaction mixture is cooled in a water-ice bath, and a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution is added at such a rate as to maintain the temperature below 35°C. Ammonium chloride solution is added in portions until addition produces no further exothermic reaction (Note 3). The supernatant solution is decanted through glass wool onto 400 g of ice in a 4-L separatory funnel. The residual solids are washed with three portions of hexane, approximately 1000 nt total, and the washes are decanted into the separatory funnel. After the phases are separated, the aqueous phase is washed with an additional 500-mL portion of hexane. The combined organic extracts are washed with 500 nl of saturated ammonium chloride, and then with 500 nl. of brine. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. Most of the solvent is removed by a rotary evaporator and the residual oil is distilled at reduced pressure using an ice water-cooled fraction cutting head. After a small forerun, approximately 390-392 g (94% of theory) is collected as a colorless oil, bp 116°C/1.6 nm (lit. 155°C/17 rim). ... 

A two-stage double-acting compressor with water cooled cylinder jackets and intercooler is shown in Figure 7.18(c). Selected dimensional and performance data are in Table 7.7. Drives may be with steam cylinders, turbines, gas engines or electrical motors. A specification form is included in Appendix B. Efficiency data are discussed in Section 7.6, Theory and Calculations of Gas Compression Temperature Rise, Compression Ratio, Volumetric Efficiency. 

Our discussion up to now has concerned the cooling of hot process waters exclusively. However, we insisted back in Chapter 1 that a cooling tower is nothing more than a device that transfers heat from one mass to another. Therefore, gas coolers are governed by the same theory of operation and design principles as are water cooling towers. 

Batch suspension reactors are, theoretically, the kinetic equivalent of water-cooled mass reactors. The major new problems are stabilization of the viscous polymer drops, prediction of particle size distribution, etc. Particle size distribution was found to be determined early in the polymerization by Hopff et al. (28, 29,40). Church and Shinnar (12) applied turbulence theory to explain the stabilization of suspension polymers by the combined action of protective colloids and turbulent flow forces. Suspension polymerization in a CSTR without coalescence is a prime example of the segregated CSTR treated by Tadmor and Biesenberger (51) and is discussed below. In a series of papers, Goldsmith and Amundson (23) and Luss and Amundson (39) studied the unique control and stability problems which arise from the existence of the two-phase reaction system. 

As shown in Figure 8.5, the post-fire stiffness calculated from the model deceased over the fire exposure time. After a short fire exposure time (about 10min), for both slabs, water-cooled and noncooled, the post-fire stiffness decreased much faster. While the post-fire stiffness of the water-cooled specimen stabilized after the first 10 min, the post-fire stiffness of the noncooled specimen continued to decrease at almost the same rate. The post-fire stiffness at 90 and 120 min can be extracted from the curve of the water-cooling scenario and compared with SLCOl and SLC02, respectively, see Table 8.2. It was found that the experimental post-fire stiffness based on basic beam theory was overestimated by 15.2% for SLCOl and 20.1% for SLC02. 

P. F. Cast, "Normal Uranium, Graphite-Moderated Reactors A Comparison of Theory and Experiment— Water Cooled Lattices, Proc, 1st UN Con/, on Atomic knergy—Geneva 1955, 5, 288, United Nation, New York (1955). 

Then, as described in U.S. Patent 2,55416, the 2-acetylamido-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole is converted to the sulfonyl chloride by passing chlorine gas into a cooled (5°-10°C) solution in 33% acetic acid (66 parts to 4 parts of mercapto compound) used as a reaction medium. Chlorine treatment is continued for two hours. The crude product can be dried and purified by recrystallization from ethylene chloride. The pure compound is a white crystalline solid, MP l94°C,with decomposition, when heated rapidly. The crude damp sulfonyl chloride is converted to the sulfonamide by addition to a large excess of liquid ammonia. The product is purified by recrystallization from water. The pure compound is a white, crystalline solid, MP 259°C, with decomposition. The yield of sulfonamide was 85% of theory based on mercapto compound. 

After cooling, the solution was diluted with 1.5 liters of water and subjected to three extractions with ether. The amine was extracted from the ethereal solution with 2 N HCI and liberated therefrom by the addition of solid NaOH (while cooling). The alkaline solution was extracted with ether and the ethereal solution was dried with soiid NaOH. Distii-lation resulted in 10.6 grams (70% of the theory) of 1-aminoadamantane which, after sublimation, melted at 180° to 192°C (seal capillary). It is converted to the hydrochloride. 

B.Bg (0.15 mol) of 4-phenylbenzophenoneare dissolved in 200 ml of ethanol and 3 g (0.075 mol) of sodium borohydride are added. After heating for 15 hours under reflux, and allowing to cool, the reaction mixture is hydrolyzed with water containing a little hydrochloric acid. The solid thereby produced is purified by recrystallization from ethanol, 36 g (B9% of theory) of (biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-carbinol [alternatively named as diphenyl-phenyl carblnol or a-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzylalcohol] of melting point 72°-73°C are obtained. 

In order to complete the reaction, heating at 50°C is carried out for 3 hours. After cooling, one liter of benzene is added and the reaction mixture is stirred, then washed salt-free with water. The benzene solution is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated by evaporation giving 167 g crude 1-(o-chlorophenylbisphenylmethyl)-imidazole. By recrystallization from acetone, 115 g (= 71% of the theory) of pure 1-(o-chlorophenyl-bisphenylmethyD-imidazole of MP 154° to 156°C are obtained. 

After the suspension was cooled under nitrogen, the solvent was distilled off under vacuum. The residue was taken up in 200 ml water and the milky emulsion extracted exhaustively with ether. From the organic phase, the excess butylglycidyl ether was extracted with diluted potassium hydroxide solution. The ether phase was washed neutral with water and the solvent removed after drying with sodium sulfate. The remaining oily residue was distilled under vacuum there was obtained a colorless liquid of BP 123.5°C/0.07 mm. Yield 81.8 g (91.1% of the theory). 

A mixture consisting of 4 grams of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4,4-dimethyl-7-methoxy-isochromane-dione-(1,3) (MP 95° to 97°C), 2.53 grams of 4-aminosulfonyl-phenyl-(2)-ethylamine and 150 ml of xylene was heated for 2 hours at its boiling point in an apparatus provided with a water separator. Thereafter, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool and was then vacuum-filtered, and the filter cake was recrystallized from n-propanoi in the presence of activated charcoal. 2.9 grams (58% of theory) of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4,4-dimethyl-2-(p-amino-sulfonylphenyl-(2)-ethyl]-7-methoxy-isoquinolinedione-(1,3), MP 203° to 205°C, of the formula below were obtained. 

The cooling tower cools hot water tvith cool air by countercurrent (or cross-current) fiow of the tw o fluids past each other in a tower filled with packing. This involves both mass and heat transfer. The water surface that exists on the tower packing is covered with an air film assumed to be saturated at the water temperature. The heat is transferred between this film and the main body of air by diffusion and convection. Detailed presentations of the development of cooling tower theory are given in References 39 and 46. 

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