Wang chlorinated

V. Wong and S.H. Wang, Chlorine from Hydrogen Chloride by the Carrier Catalyst Process.PEPResdev/ 94-1-3, SRI International, Inc., Menlo Park, CA (1995). 

Fig. 5 Microwave-assisted loading protocol of carboxylic acids to chlorinated polystyrene Wang resin...

Wang, C. Y., Bunday, S. D., and Tartar, J. G., Ion Chromatographic Determination of Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine with Sequential Electrochemical and Conductometric Detection, Ana/. Chem. 55, 1983, 1617-1619. 

Driscoll TR, Hamdan HH, Wang G, et al. 1992. Concentrations of individual serum or plasma bile acids in workers exposed to chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Br J Ind Med 49 700-705. 

S. Y Wang, and J. P. Chen et al., Selective Debenzylation in the Presence of Aromatic Chlorine on Pd/C Catalysts Effects of Catalyst Types and Reaction Kinetics , paper presented at 20th Organic Reactions Catalysis Society Meeting, March 21-25, 2004, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA. 

Ma J, Horii Y, Cheng J, Wang W, Wu Q, Ohura T, Kannan K (2009) Chlorinated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples from an electronic waste recycling facility and a chemical industrial complex in China. Environ Sci Technol 43(3) 643-649. doi 10.1021/es802878w... 

Scheme 7.8 Resin functionalization with carboxylic acids using (a) Merrifield resin and (b) chlorinated Wang resin as the polymer support.

In a more extensive study, 33 substituted carboxylic acids were coupled to chlorinated Wang resin employing an identical reaction protocol (Scheme 7.8b). In the majority of cases, the microwave-mediated conversion reached at least 85% after 3-15 min at 200 °C. These microwave conditions represented a significant rate enhancement with respect to the conventional protocol, which required 24-48 h. The microwave protocol has additional benefits in comparison to the conventional method, as the amounts of acid and base equivalents can be reduced and potassium iodide is no longer needed as an additive [28]. While no attempt was made to opti-... 

Ni, Y. Wang, X. (1996) Mechanism and kinetics of chlorine dioxide reaction with hydrogen peroxide under acidic conditions. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 75, 31-36. 

Wang P, He Y-L, Huang C-H (2011) Reactions of tetracycline antibiotics with chlorine dioxide and free chlorine. Water Res 45 1838-1846... 

Dost FN, Reed DJ, Smith VN, Wang CH Toxic properties of chlorine trifluoride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 27-.SnShO, 1974... 

Stelson, A. W and J. H. Seinfeld, Chemical Mass Accounting of Uban Aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 15, 671-679(1981). Stickel, R. E., J. M. Nicovich, S. Wang, Z. Zhao, and P. H. Wine, Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Reaction of Atomic Chlorine with Dimethyl Sulfide, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 9875-9883 (1992). Swartz, E J. Boniface, I. Tchertkov, O. V. Rattigan, D. V. Robinson, P. Davidovits, D. R. Worsnop, J. T. Jayne, and C. E. Kolb, Horizontal Bubble Train Apparatus for Heterogeneous Chemistry Studies Uptake of Gas-Phase Formaldehyde, Environ. Sci. Technol, 31, 2634-2641 (1997). 

Nordmeyer, T., W. Wang, M. L. Ragains, B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, C. W. Spicer, and R. A. Plastridge, Unique Products of the Reaction of Isoprene with Atomic Chlorine Potential Markers of Chlorine Atom Chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett, 24, 1615-1618 (1997). 

Wang, T. X M. D. Kelley, J. N. Cooper, R. C. Beckwith, and D. W. Margerum, Equilibrium, Kinetic, and UV-Spectral Characteristics of Aqueous Bromine Chloride, Bromine and Chlorine Species, Inorg. Chem., 33, 5872-5878 (1994). 

Shekel, R. E., J. M. Nicovich, S. Wang, Z. Zhao, and P. H. Wine, Kinetic and Mechanistic Study of the Reaction of Atomic Chlorine with Dimethyl Sulfide, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 9875-9883 (1992). 

Lin, Y. T., Guan, Y. B., Leshin, L.A., Ouyang, Z. Y. and Wang, D. (2005) Short-lived chlorine-36 in a Ca- and Al-rich inclusion from the Ningqiang carbonaceous chondrite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 1306-1311. 

F. S. Rowland, Chlorofluorocarbons and the depletion of stratospheric ozone Am. Sci. 77, 36-45 (1989) T.-L. Tso, L. T. Molina, and F. C.-Y. Wang, Antarctic stratospheric chemistry of chlorine nitrate, hydrogen chloride and ice release of active chlorine. Science 238, 1253-1260 (1987) J. G- Anderson, D. W. Toohey, and W. H. Brune, Free radicals within the Antarctic vortex the role of CFCs in Antarctic ozone loss. Science 251, 39-46 (1991) P. S. Zurer, Complexities of ozone loss continue to challenge scientists. Chem. Eng. News June 12, 20-23 (1995). 

Figure 7.7 Loadings and reaction times (in parentheses) for the microwave-assisted coupling of carboxylic acids to chlorinated Wang resin.

Fu X, Wang Y, Kao J, Irwin A, d Avignon A, Mecham RP, Parks WC, Heinecke JW (2006) Specific Sequence Motifs Direct the Oxygenation and Chlorination of Tryptophan by Myeloperoxidase. Biochemistry 45 3961... 

Farmer J, Wang FT, Lewis PR, Summers LJ. Destruction of chlorinated organics by Co(III)-mediated electrochemical oxidation. J Electrochem Soc 1992 139 3025-3029. 

Xu and co-workers examined 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl [59] and eight di- thru hexachlorobiphenyls [61] in hexane. Masazaki et al. studied all 209 PCB congeners in decane [60], a real tour de force, while Wang and co-workers examined 22 congeners in hexane [62,63]. In all cases the photoreactions were pseudo first order, the dominant reaction was reductive dechlorination in which chlorine is replaced with hydrogen (the fate of the chlorine is unknown) ortho chlorines (2,2, 6,6 ) were removed faster than meta (3,3/,5,5 ) and para (4,4 ) chlorines, probably because the homolysis of an ortho C - Cl bond is exothermic while that at the meta and para sites is endothermic, and in a few instances, migration of a chlorine atom from one site to another on the biphenyl was observed. 

Corticosteroid use is controversial. Animal models have shown positive results in hastening recovery from severe chlorine gas poisoning however, administration to humans has not been shown to provide any significant change (Traub et al, 2002). Wang et al (2004) demonstrated that pigs exposed to chlorine gas responded better to a combination of aerosolized bronchodilators and corticosteroids (terbu-taline, budesonide) than to either therapy alone. Sheep nebulized with 4% sodium bicarbonate had decreased mortality and improved oxygenation after inhalation of chlorine gas (Chisholm et al, 1989). 

Wang, J., Zhang, L., Walther, S.M. (2004). Administration of aerosolized terbutaline and budesonide reduces chlorine gas-induced acute lung injury. J. Trauma 56 850-62. 

Wang T. X. and Margemm D. W. (1994) Kinetics of reversible chlorine hydrolysis temperature dependence and general-acid/base-assisted mechanisms. Inorg. Chem. 33, 1050-1055. 

Zhang WX, Wang CB, Lien HL (1998) Treatment of chlorinated organic contaminants with nanoscale bimetallic particles. Catalysis Today 40 387-395... 

L. K. Wang, Removal of Heavy Metals, Chlorine and Synthetic Organic Chemicals by Adsorption, Zorex Corporation, Pittsfield, MA. Tech. Report P917-5-89-8, 1989. 

This chapter only discusses the applications of chlorination and chloramination in potable water treatment. In case the two processes are to be used for wastewater treatment, residual chlorine concentration in the plant effluent may become a regulatory issue (30). Selection of an alternative disinfectant becomes more important. New alternative disinfectants have been studied by Wang (19-25). Wang (35,36) also reported that UV is an effective process for dechlorination, dechloramination, or de-ozonation. 

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