Chlorine nitrate

The azo-compounds are usually very stable, and can be directly chlorinated, nitrated and sulphonated. On vigorous reduction the molecule splits at the azo group to give two molecules of primary amines, e.g. bcnzene-azophenol gives PhNH2 and p-HOC H NHa. 

The mechanism for reaction 13 is not well established yet, but it is likely to proceed through ionic intermediates (11) the Cl atom in chlorine nitrate is slightly electropositive, so that it readily combines with negative chloride ions to produce CI2 the HQ on ice is expected to be at least partially ionized. We have found that HCl has a very high mobility on the ice surface, so that even small amounts of HCl will enable reaction 13 to occur. It is also possible for this reaction to proceed in two steps the initial step is the reaction of chlorine nitrate with ice it is followed by the reaction of the product HOCl with HCl on the ice substrate ... 

The presence of PSCs also leads to the removal of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) from the gas phase. As long as there are significant amounts of NO2 it will react with chlorine monoxide (CIO) to produce chlorine nitrate (reaction 11). This species subsequently reacts with HQ on PSC surfaces to produce nitric acid (reaction 13), which remains in the condensed phase. Also, nitric acid directly condenses with water to form nitric acid trihydrate particles, hence it is not available to regenerate NO2 by photochemical processes, as it does when it is in the gas phase. 

The diaminobenzenes are made from benzene by a combination chlorination-nitration route although para-phenylene diamine is also made directly from aniline. orr/to-Phenylene diamine is widely used for the preparation of biologically active compounds such as fungicides and veterinarian medicines. The mera-diamine is used in fire-retardant textile fibers ( Nomex ) while the / ara-diamine finds use in high-strength textile fibers used for bullet-proof vests, sails, army helmets, and other types of fiber-reinforced plastics ( Kevlar ). 

Aromatic aminosulfonic acids are synthesized by a sequence of important industrial processes, including sulfonation of benzene. This is followed, wherever necessary, by chlorination, nitration, and reduction, or by aniline sulfonation, possibly involving subsequent baking [7,8]. 

Maeda, N., Ohya, T., Nojima. K.. and Kanno. S. Formation of cyanide ion or cyanogen chloride through the cleavage of aromatic rings by nitrous acid or chlorine. IX. On the reactions of chlorinated, nitrated, carboxylated or methylated benzene derivatives with hypochlorous acid in the presence of aimnonium ion, Chemosphere, 16(10-12) 2249-2258, 1987. 

The method 176, 226, 229) most suitable for the preparation of ClFsO on a larger scale involves the fluorination of chlorine nitrate at —35°C according to ... 

Chlorine monofluoride oxide, 18 328-330 force field of, 18 329, 330 infrared spectrum of, 18 328, 329 stretching force constants for, 18 330 synthesis of, 18 328 Chlorine nitrate fluorination of, 18 332 preparation of, 5 54 Chlorine oxides, 46 109-110, 158 fluorination of, 18 348 Chlorine oxyfluorides, 18 319-389, see also specific compounds adduct formation, 18 327, 328 amphoteric nature of, 18 327, 328 bond lengths, 18 326 bond strengths, 18 323-327 geometry of, 18 320-323 ligand distribution, 18 323 reactivity of, 18 327, 328 stretching force constants, 18 324-327 Chlorine pentafluoride oxide, 18 345, 346 Chlorine trifluoride, reaction with difluoramine, 33 157... 

Abstract Heterogeneous chemical reactions at the surface of ice and other stratospheric aerosols are now appreciated to play a critical role in atmospheric ozone depletion. A brief summary of our theoretical work on the reaction of chlorine nitrate and hydrogen chloride on ice is given to highlight the characteristics of such heterogeneous mechanisms and to emphasize the special challenges involved in the realistic theoretical treatment of such reactions. 

In this contribution, we briefly recount some of our theoretical work addressed to providing a molecular level understanding of these reactions. We focus here on one central reaction, that of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (CIONO2) to produce, in one chemical step, the products nitric acid (HNO3) and molecular chlorine, on ice ... 

During the dark, polar winter the temperature drops to extremely low values, on the order of-80°C. At these temperatures, water and nitric acid form polar stratospheric clouds. Polar stratospheric clouds are important because chemical reactions in the stratosphere are catalyzed on the surface of the crystals forming these clouds. The chemical primarily responsible for ozone depletion is chlorine. Most of the chlorine in the stratosphere is contained in the compounds hydrogen chloride, HCl, or chlorine nitrate, CIONO. Hydrogen chloride and chlorine nitrate undergo a number of reactions on the surface of the crystals of polar stratospheric clouds. Two important reactions are ... 

N. CHLORINE NITRATE (C10N02) AND BROMINE NITRATE (BrONO,)... 

Chlorine nitrate and bromine nitrate are recognized as key species in the chemistry of the stratosphere. In... 

There are several feasible photolysis routes for these nitrates e.g., for chlorine nitrate ... 

Nickolaisen, S. L., S. P. Sander, and R. R. Friedl, Pressure-Dependent Yields and Product Branching Ratios in the Broadband Photolysis of Chlorine Nitrate, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 10165-10178 (1996). 

Chlorine nitrate is formed from the reaction of CIO with N02.) These reactions also occur when NaCl is in the aqueous phase, in competition with the hydrolysis of N205 and C10N02, i.e., above the deliquescence point of NaCl in sea salt (e.g., Behnke et al., 1997). Photolysis then generates chlorine atoms, e.g.,... 

Haas, B.-M., K. C. Crellin, K. T. Kuwata, and M. Okumura, Reaction of Chloride Ions with Chlorine Nitrate and Its Implications for Stratospheric Chemistry, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 6740-6745 (1994). 

Horn, A. B., J. R. Sodeau, T. B. Roddis, and N. A. Williams, Mechanism of the Heterogeneous Reaction of Hydrogen Chloride with Chlorine Nitrate and Hypochlorous Acid on Water Ice, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 6107-6120(1998). 

Koch, T. G., S. F. Banham, J. R. Sodeau, A. B. Horn, M. R. S. McCoustra, and M. A. Chesters, Mechanisms for the Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of Hydrogen Chloride, Chlorine Nitrate and Dinitrogen Pentoxide on Water-Rich Atmospheric Particle Surfaces, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1513-1522 (1997). 

Tolbert, M. A., M. J. Rossi, R. Malhotra, and D. M. Golden, Reaction of Chlorine Nitrate with Hydrogen Chloride and Water at Antarctic Stratospheric Temperatures, Science, 238, 1258-1260 (1987). 

The principal polyolefins are low-density polyethylene (ldpe), high-density polyethylene (hope), linear low-density polyethylene (lldpe), polypropylene (PP), polyisobutylene (PIB), poly-1-butene (PB), copolymers of ethylene and propylene (EP), and proprietary copolymers of ethylene and alpha olefins. Since all these polymers are aliphatic hydrocarbons, the amorphous polymers are soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with similar solubility parameters. Like other alkanes, they are resistant to attack by most ionic and most polar chemicals their usual reactions are limited to combustion, chemical oxidation, chlorination, nitration, and free-radical reactions. 

Inevitably, the chemistry of the stratospheric ozone layer is more complicated than reactions 8.2-8.8 suggest.24 First, it has been found that HC1 and C10N02 (chlorine nitrate) serve as chlorine reservoirs in stratospheric... 

F. S. Rowland, Chlorofluorocarbons and the depletion of stratospheric ozone Am. Sci. 77, 36-45 (1989) T.-L. Tso, L. T. Molina, and F. C.-Y. Wang, Antarctic stratospheric chemistry of chlorine nitrate, hydrogen chloride and ice release of active chlorine. Science 238, 1253-1260 (1987) J. G- Anderson, D. W. Toohey, and W. H. Brune, Free radicals within the Antarctic vortex the role of CFCs in Antarctic ozone loss. Science 251, 39-46 (1991) P. S. Zurer, Complexities of ozone loss continue to challenge scientists. Chem. Eng. News June 12, 20-23 (1995). 

---