Vulnerable persons/groups

Crock, M., McCaHum, R., and Ernst, C. (2011) Where Disability and Displacement Intersect Asjdum Seekers with Disabilities. Discussion paper prepared for the Vulnerable Persons Working Group International Association of Refugee Lawjudges World Conference. Bled, Slovenia, 7-9 September. 

Appropriate additional safeguards have been included to protect the rights and welfare of participants who are members of a particularly vulnerable group/ such as persons with acute or severe physical or mental illness or persons who are economically or educationally disadvantaged. 

Another area of concern in prescription drug abuse is with health-care providers, such as nurses, doctors, pharmacists, dentists, and others. These persons have ready access to highly addictive drugs, such as the opioids, and are more vulnerable to such abuse. In addition, these professions are more stressful than average, and this may be a factor in the higher-than-normal rates of abuse in this group. 

Henry Beecher (1904—1976) discussed12 the key concepts in human research of consent and autonomy, and the inherent difficulties in achieving these. People in positions of dependency may be termed vulnerable groups these can include minors, prisoners, employees and family members. Conversely, Beecher established that there is no duty to participate in clinical research - an example in which public or societal good cannot outweigh personal risk. 

Competence refers to a prospective subject s ability to understand the information provided and its consequences, and make a free and informed decision in accordance with personal values. If a subject is not considered competent, a balance must be sought as to the subject s vulnerability versus the injustice of exclusion from potentially beneficial research. There is a moral preference to use competent subjects. Subjects not legally competent should only be asked to participate when the research question can only be addressed using the identified group, and the risk is minimal when there are no direct benefits. The researcher must also demonstrate how the subject s best interests are protected and the method of obtaining free and informed consent from an objective third party. If the subject should become competent during the study, consent must be obtained for continued participation. Of note, some subjects even if not legally competent may be able to ex-... 

Populations persons especially prone to contract the condition with accidental (poisons) or natural (infections) transmission. All means that all population groups are vulnerable. 

Diabetes. Persons with diabetes may be more vulnerable to adverse effects from dermally-applied radioactive strontium. Thinning of the sclera developed in a diabetic patient who had been treated for pterygium with a single dose (1,700-1,800 rad 17-18 Gy) of 90Sr (Wesberry and Wesberry 1993 see Section 3.2.4.2). This reaction was not observed in 170 other eyes treated at that dose level however, the authors did not state whether other diabetics were in the group that was unaffected. Conversely, in rats made diabetic by injection of streptozotocin, the absorption of strontium in the duodenum was significantly reduced, which would appear to be protective (Miller and Schedl 1976). 

The documentation collected and developed for a PSM program is of definite Interest to a person or group bent on inflicting harm to the same facility we are providing safety enhancement. Knowledge of the worst-case accidents also provides a terrorist with a blueprint of the vulnerabilities of a plant that we are trying to protect. 

Many essential oils are inherently toxic at very low concentrations due to very toxic components these are not normally used in aromatherapy. Many essential oils that are considered to be nontoxic can have a toxic effect on some people this can be influenced by previous sensitization to a given essential oil, a group of essential oils containing similar components, or some adulterant in the essential oil. It can also be influenced by the age of the person babies and young children are especially vulnerable and so are very old people. The influence of other medicaments, both conventional and herbal, is still in the preliminary stages of being studied. It is possible that these medicaments, and also probably household products, including perfumes and cosmetics, can influence the adverse reactions to essential oils. 

At all spatial levels there are also examples for the use of the Social Flood Vulnerability Index (SFVI) as a measure for the coping capacity of the flood affected population. The index was developed by FHRC (Flood Hazard Research Center) including indicators for vulnerable groups and persons like elderly people, lone parents as well as persons with preexisting health and financial deprivation problems. FHRC also developed a FORTRAN-based software for the calculation of damages called ESTDAM, which is not CIS based. 

Vulnerable groups. Typically including the elderly, orphans, widows, people with disabilities, people with HIV/AIDS, refugees or internally displaced persons, among others. Vulnerable groups face special difficulties in supporting themselves because of some particular aspect of their situation. 

In any work situation there will be some people who are more vulnerable to certain risks than others, e.g. where such workers may be exposed to toxic substances, to small levels of radiation, or to dangerous metals, such as lead. T)qjical examples of vulnerable groups are young persons who, through their lack of experience, may be unaware of hazards pregnant women, where there may be a specific risk to the unborn child and disabled persons, whose capacity to xmdertake certain tasks may be limited. In a number of cases there may be a need for continuing medical and/or health surveillance of such persons. 

This case established the fact that an employer owes a higher duty of care to a one-eyed workman who, in turn, has a greater risk of blindness than a workman with both eyes. On this basis, it could be argued that other vulnerable groups (e.g. young persons, pregnant women), are owed a higher duty of care than other persons. 

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