Vomiting, induced

Emetogenic drugs may be of value in treating cases of acute poisoning but usually nausea and vomiting induced by a drag are unwanted effects occurring in addition to its therapeutic action. 

Release of SP from neurons in the AP, NTS and dorsal vagal motor nucleus may play a role in vomiting induced by cytotoxics. Based on the relative effectiveness of selective antagonists of 5-HT3 receptors and NKi receptors against acute and delayed phases of cisplatin-induced vomiting, it has been suggested that serotonin has a greater role in the acute phase whereas SP has the major role in the delayed phase. 

The abdominal vagus and sympathetic nerves are the most important afferent inputs involved in vomiting induced by chemotherapy and radiation [31]. The input from vestibular nerves and the cerebellum plays an important role in the motion disease [52]. The afferent inputs from vagal, trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves terminate eventually in the nucleus solitarius tract located in the medulla oblongata which has neuronal connections with other medullary areas involved in emesis, for example, area postrema [53]. 

The severe nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic drugs and radiation in man can be reduced by metoclopramide given either atone or in combination with other drugs, such as dexamethasone. However, the extrapyramidal side-effects induced by metoclopramide, due to antagonism of dopamine re-... 

Ondansetron is the first 5-HT3-receptor antagonist to be used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting induced by cancer therapy. Its high receptor selectivity is reflected in clinical studies which show ondansetron to be a very effective antiemetic drug with few side-effects. 

It is used in nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy and for the prevention of postoperative vomiting. 

It is newer compound. Mechanism of action is similar to ondansetron but can cause elevation of liver enzyme level e.g. SCOT, SGPT etc. It is mainly used in the management of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 

Dexamethasone is given intravenously and orally for the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cancer chemotherapy. 

The authors of the second case reported that five such cases have been reported in the past 4 years in the British literature the respiratory complications were thought to be due to severe physical exercise or secondary to vomiting. It is therefore possible that this complication may not be due to a direct effect of MDMA, but rather a consequence of repeated Valsalva maneuvers associated with the dance habits of ecstasy users or vomiting induced by the drug. 

In a large double-blind study comparison of single-dose oral granisetron versus intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy in 1085 patients, the drugs were equally effective and gave rise to a similar frequency of adverse effects, commonly headache, weakness, and constipation (15). Dizziness and blurred vision were reported by significantly more of the patients who received ondansetron. 

Chiou TJ, Tzeng WF, Wang WS, Yen CC, Fan FS, Liu JH, Chen PM. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of oral granisetron plus dexamethasone with intravenous ondansetron plus dexamethasone to control nausea and vomiting induced by moderate/severe emetogenic chemotherapy Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 2000 63(10) 729-36. 

Thiram can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, though the skin, and by ingestion. If swallowed, large amounts of water should be ingested, only if person is conscious, and vomiting induced immediately. If thiram dust is inhaled, the exposed individual should be moved to fresh air, away from the contamination site. If skin contact occurs, all contaminated clothing should be removed and the area exposed should be washed with copious amounts of water and soap. If the product is present in the eyes, the eyes should be flushed with large amounts of water for at least 15 min. 

Flavonoids in herbal preparations may also affect the GI tract (e.g., cirkan causes chronic diarrhea [Maechel, 1992]) and a phlebotonic French drug, cyclo-3 fort containing Ruscus aculeatus, herperidin methyl chalcone, ascorbic acid can elicit colitis (Beaugerie et al., 1994). Reports of nausea and vomiting induced by other herbal remedies are represented throughout the chapter. 

Current published information describes the experience with aprepitant in highly emetogenic cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens. The NCCN has also included aprepitant for prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting induced by moderately emetogenic chemotherapy regimens. This recommendation is not supported by the current literature and has been questioned by clinicians. 

Dexamethasone alone or in combination with ondansetron for the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy Italian Group for Antiemetic Research. N Engl J Med 2000 342 1554-1559. 

Benserazide (BZ), 2-amino-3-hydroxy-A, -[(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl) methyl] propane hydrazide is an irreversible inhibitor of peripheral L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). The decarboxylase inhibitor drugs, e.g., carbidopa and benserazide, inhibit dopamine production outside the brain and permit direct deliveiy of dopamine (LD metabolite) to the brain. This synergistic therapy also minimizes the side effects such as nausea and vomiting induced by levodopa.1 2 Benserazide at the recommended therapeutic dose does not cross the blood-brain barrier to any significant degree. Synergistic effect of levodopa and benserazide reduces the required dose of levodopa for the optimal and earlier therapeutic response.3... 

TREATMENT OF LITHIUM INTOXICATION There is no specific antidote for LG intoxication, and treatment is supportive. Vomiting induced by rapidly rising plasma LL may tend to limit absorption, but fatalities have occurred. Care must be taken to assure that the patient is not Na - and water-depleted. Dialysis is the most effective means of removing the ion from the body and is necessary in severe poisonings, i.e., in patients exhibiting symptoms of toxicity or patients with serum LG concentrations >4 mEq/L in acute overdoses or >1.5 mEq/L in chronic overdoses. 

Indications Seizure disorders, anticonvulsants, anxiety, tension and insomnia, surgical adjuncts for conscious sedation or amnesia, skeletal muscle spasms or tremors, delirium, schizophrenia as an adjunct, nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy, neonatal opiate withdrawal Common drug examples ... 

Indications Psychoses involving hallucinations, agitation, manic phase of bipolar psychoses nausea and vomiting induced by CNS dysfunctions anxiety severe behavioral problems, abdominal pain associated with porphyria, delirium, neurogenic pain Common drug examples ... 

Even the name antimony is shrouded in alchemical mystery and, like other such terms, is most likely a corruption of some Arabic word or phrase so as to appear Greek or Latin. The Latin stibium, formerly used for the element and still the root for the names of many of its compounds, may very well have the same (but unknown) Arabic root. Stibnite, or the stibic stone, what we know today as antimony(III) sulfide, Sb2S3, was used by the ancients as a cosmetic to darken and beautify eyebrows. Rhazes, the tenth-century Persian physician and alchemist, described metallic antimony, but it is not known when this brittle gray metal was first isolated. Early uses include the potassium antimony tartrate salt as an emetic (vomiting inducer) and the metal with lead in type metal alloys. 

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