Voluntary systems

Griffin JP, Weber JCP Voluntary systems of adverse reaction reporting. Part I. Adv Drug React Ac Pois Rev 1985 4 213-30. 

Our main disagreement with our colleagues lies in the answer to this question. They favour a voluntary system until time can be foimd for legislation. We believe that any voluntary system must have so many loopholes that it can offer no real additional safeguards to the public. In consequence, we consider that there is no satisfactory alternative to early legislation. ... 

In their note, they also commented extensively on the deficiencies of a voluntary system. Grosset and Linstead concluded their note with a plea to set on foot, with or without further enquiry, the preparation of a comprehensive statute dealing with drugs and medicines that will bring the whole field, including the supervision of toxicity testing and clinical trials, under the responsibility of the Health Ministers advised by a central body of experts. ... 

A year later, Bush announced his own approach to the problem of climate change. In February 2002, he outlined a voluntary system by which industries would he encouraged to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by 18 percent by the year 2010. In addition, 4.6 billion would be allotted to the nation s climate change effort in the next five years, 65 percent of which would go to research on the problem and development of new technologies. 

The nervous and endocrine systems control an extensive number of functions in the body. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system (a voluntary system innervating skeletal muscles) and the autonomic nervous system (an involuntary system innervating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands). 

The Regulation (Annex III) set out a minimum frequency of on-site (farm, factory premises or warehouse) inspections of one per year and specified the information that was to be retained by the operator and verified by the inspection body to determine compliance. In some instances the level of record-keeping was increased from the previous voluntary systems in place and some operators have complained at the additional burden this imposes. The burden was felt most by small growers, and this, along with the increasing cost of certification, has led to many small enterprises leaving the certification system. 

These developments formed the foundation of the U.S. system of health insurance — a voluntary system under which employers offer health insurance as a strategy to attract and retain employees, and employees are given the choice of participating or not in their employer s plan. In the unionized workplace, unions negotiate employer support for health benefits. In some cases, union members must join the healto plan operated by their union. 

Environmental management systems (EMS), and also ISO 14001, are becoming household names in many organizations. But what about EMAS Almost unknown in the United States, EMAS is the acronym for the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, a voluntary system based on European Union (EU) regulations and... 

Griffin and Weber, Voluntary Systems of Adverse Reaction Reporting. ... 

Griffin, J. R, andj. C. P. Weber. "Voluntary Systems ofAdverse Reaction Reporting. In Medicines Regulation, Research and Risk, ed.J. P. Griffin, 217-60. Queens University ofBelfast, 1989. 

They also commented on the deficiencies of a voluntary system and pleaded ... 

I These are more expensive but much more informative than simple voluntary systems. 

Only NiCd batteries are regulated by law. However, BAJ has started to promote a nationwide collection recycling program including a voluntary system for NiMH and... 

Neilson, P.D. 1972. Speed of response or bandwidth of voluntary system controlling elbow position in intact man. Med. Biol. Eng. 10 450-459. 

Fig. 7.3 summarizes the anatomical features of the autonomic nervous system. This differs from the voluntary system (exemplified by the neuro-niuscular junction in Fig. 7.1) in that one extra control point exists for each fibre, namely an extra synapse (situated in a ganglion). In sympathetic fibres, these ganglia are not far from the spinal cord in parasympathetic fibres, the ganglia are near the end-organ, i.e. the one which the nerve is to influence. As... 

Reportable occurrences in the voluntary system should include any adverse event and any near miss, excluding events related to the natural course of a disease. Criminal activity, gross negligence, and professional misconduct should not be reported to a voluntary system. 

The voluntary system should be complementary to existing reporting systems. The goal is to integrate aggregate information from external systems to enhance the information contained in the internal reporting system. External reporting sys-... 

Developing incident databases that can be shared across the entire sector, subject to data protection and other legal requirements. Examples exist of effective voluntary systems that could provide suitable models. 

Fuel cell recovery is now and can in the future be voluntary or mandatory. Voluntary systems, sometimes called extended product responsibility , can mean the reuse and remanufacturing of components back into a company s products as an integral part of the company s business model. It can also mean the development of a close business relationship with material recyclers. Experiences in the automotive industry provide some insights into voluntary systems. Whereas the... 

Two types of safety management systems are available— government-related as both mandated and voluntary, and voluntary systems developed by nationally and internationally recognized standards agencies and professional societies. 

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