Volume standard ambient temperature

At standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), which means exactly 25°C (298.15 K) and exactly 1 bar, the conditions commonly used to report data in chemistry, the molar volume of an ideal gas is 24.79 L-mol l, which is about the volume of a cube l ft on a side (Fig. 4.15). The expression standard temperature and pressure (STP) means 0°C and 1 atm (both exactly), the conditions formerly used to report data and still widely used in some calculations. At STP, the molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.41 I.-mol1. Note the slightly smaller value the temperature is lower and the pressure is slightly higher, and so the same amount of gas molecules occupies a smaller volume than at SATP. 

The amount of permeated substance can be expressed in mass, mole or volume units. For gases, volume is preferred, expressed as the amount permeating under conditions of standard temperature and pressure (STP), which corresponds to the standard temperature of 273.15 K and standard pressure of 1.01325 105 Pa. The corresponding dimensions for D and S are obtained at the same time from Eq. (9-4). The standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP) are set at p°= 1 bar= 105 Pa = 0.9678 atm and T = 298.15 K. The data in handbooks however is still mostly expressed with p = 1 atm as standard pressure. For practical purposes the difference between these two conventions is insignificant compared to the variability of the materials themselves. 

Use the ideal gas law to calculate the molar volume of a gas at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP). The conditions for SATP are 298 K and 100 kPa. 

The water content of crude oils is determined by a standardized method whose procedure is to cause the water to form an azeotrope with an aromatic (generally industrial xylene). Brought to ambient temperature, this azeotrope separates into two phases water and xylene. The volume of water is then measured and compared with the total volume of treated crude. 

A fireball s radiation hazard can be assessed by two factors its diameter (either as a function of time or original amount of fuel) and combustion duration. Fireball models presented by Lihou and Maund (1982), Roberts (1982), and others start with a hypothetical, premixed sphere of fuel and air (in some cases, oxidant) at ambient temperature. Because the molar volume of any gas at standard conditions... 

Standard test for hydrolytic stability. The hydrolytic stability of the chlorinated resins was determined by the following test procedure. An acid digestion autoclave having a volume of 125 ml is charged with 40 ml of resin and 28 ml of deionized water. The bomb is sealed and transferred into an oven, pre-heated to 200 °C. The test is continued for 24 hours. The bomb is removed and cooled to ambient temperature. The liquid is separated from the resin and the chlorine content analyzed while the resin is washed thoroughly and its acid capacity is determined as described in section 5. The test results are shown in Table 2. 

The bulk density of the feedstock at ambient temperature and pressure should be measured prior to the design of a new screw, especially if it contains in-plant recycle resin. The measurement method is extremely simple and requires only a calibrated cell and a scale. A calibrated measuring cell with a volume of 500 cm can easily be constructed by welding a thin-walled metal pipe to a flat sheet of metal, as shown in Fig. 4.2. The bulk density is measured by filling the cell with feedstock, leveling the top with a steel ruler, and then weighing the cell contents. A more formal measurement technique was developed by ASTM as standard method D1895. 

Aqueous SEC Experiments. Aqueous SEC separations were carried out at ambient temperature using two column sets of MicroPak TSK PW Type gel which were investigated for linearity of molecular weight calibration curve using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) narrow MWD standards. Columns were matched in pore volume as closely as possible to promote linearity of the molecular weight calibration cuiA e. Column set A consisted... 

Fig. 23 HPSEC separation of standard mixtures. GPC (A) and HPSEC (B) separation of standard mixtures. For GPC (A) separation Columns two glass 109 cm X 12.5 mm ID packed with Bio-Beads SX2 Eluent toluene at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Detector Refractive index Injection volume 100 fi of 50-100 mg solute/ml toluene. Ambient temperature for HPSEC (B) separation. Columns LiChrogel Ps4 + LiChrogel Psl (each 25 cm X 0.7 cm ID) Eluent toluene at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Detection refractive index Injection volume 20 /rl. Sample cone. 1.5 ml/min Temperature ambient Peaks 1, trimer (Empol 1014) 2, dimer (Empol 1010) and 3, monomer (methyl stearate) as the methyl ester. (From Ref. 77.)...

Allow the sample to come to ambient temperature, then mark the water meniscus on the site of the 1-L sample bottle for determination of the exact sample volume. Add 1 mL of the acetone-diluted internal standard solution (see Section 5.12) to the sample bottle. Cap the bottle, and mix the sample by gently shaking for 30 seconds. Filter the sample through a 0.45 micron filter that has been rinsed with toluene. 

The work required to cool any finite sample of matter (and/or of energy such as equilibrium blackbody radiation) maintained within a fixed finite volume V or at constant pressure P from any initial finite fixed, relatively hot ambient temperature Th to what is generally considered to be the ultimate cold temperature Tq = 0 K via standard TSRR is finite — indeed for typical room-temperature T// and for typical laboratory-size samples typically small. Hence the unattainability formulation of the Third Law of Thermodynamics does not forbid attainment of 0 K via standard TSRR by requiring infinite work for the process. Rather, it forbids attainment of 0 K via standard TSRR by forbidding the performance of the required finite, typically small, amount of work. 

Volumetric measurements must be referred to some standard temperature this reference point is ordinarily 20°C. The ambient temperature of most laboratories is sufficiently close to 20°C to eliminate the need for temperature corrections in volume measurements for aqueous solutions. In contrast, the coefficient of expansion for organic liquids may require corrections for temperature differences of 1 °C or less. 

The total gas volume, as read on the gas-flow meter, was reduced to standard conditions (0" C and 101.325kPa) by use of the values for the ambient temperature and pressure. These values were read half-an-hour after the beginning of the experiment. 

All samples were extraeted with diehloromethane in an automatic extractor (Biichi B-811). Surrogate recovery standards (D8-naphthalene, DlO-phenanthrene, D12-perylene) were spiked on each PUF and QFF prior to extraction. The volume was reduced after extraction under a gentle nitrogen stream at ambient temperature, and fractionation achieved on a silica gel column. Samples were analyzed using a GC-MS (gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer) HP 5975 with a J W Scientihc fused silica column DB-5MS, 5% Ph for PAHs. Terphenyl was used as an internal standard. Detection and quantification limits were controlled by laboratory and field blanks, are site dependent and were reported elsewhere (Lammel et al. 2009b). 

Gas pressures and volumes can be measured for many different temperature and humidity conditions. Three of these are body temperature and pressure, saturated (BTPS) ambient temperature and pressure (ATP) and standard temperature and pressure, dry (STPD). To calculate constituent partial pressures at STPD, total pressure is taken as barometric pressure minus vapor pressure of water in the atmosphere ... 

The size exclusion method was initially performed using DVB 100 A column for quantitation of KHI hy using refractive index (RID) and Corona Aerosol Detectors (CAD). The eluent used is an HPLC grade Tetrahydrofiiran (THF). Chloroform is selected as a solvent to prepare the standards and to extract the samples. The chromatography is conducted at ambient temperature with ImL /min flow rate. The injection volume of the sample is 100 pL. The standards are prepared at a concentration... 

In a typieal analysis a measured amount of sample, and often an internal standard, are placed in a vial, and then the septum and cap are crimped in place. The vials, contained in a carousel, are immersed in a heated oven or silicone oil bath operating from ambient temperature to up to 300C. A heated flexible tube that terminates in a needle samples each vial in turn. A gas-sampling valve provides a fixed volume of vapor sample to transfer into the GC injection port [19]. 

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