Voltage volume

Figure 15. Processing map obtained based on the systematic parameter study (a) jet elongation/an electrical force (affected by electrical conductivity of solvents, applied voltage), (b) mass of polymer (affected by polymer concentration, applied voltage, volume feed rate) [50].

The morphology and the diameter of the electrospun nano Hers can be affected by many electrospinning parameters including solution properties (the concentration, liqnid viscosity, surface tension, and dielectric properties of the polymer solution), processing conditions (apphed voltage, volume Cbw rate, tip to collector distance, and the strength of the apphed electric Hid), and ambient conditions (temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity) [17-20]. 

The PAN solution in DMF were electrospun under different conditions, including various PAN solution concentrations, applied voltages, volume flow rates and tip to collector distances, to study the effect of electrospinning parameters on the morphology and diameter of electrospun nanofibers. 

The physical characteristics of electrospun nanofibres, such as fibre diameter, depend on various parameters which are divided into three main categories (a) solution properties (solution viscosity, solution concentration, polymer molecular weight, and surface tension) (b) processing conditions (applied voltage, volume flow rate, spinning distance, and needle diameter) and (c) ambient conditions (temperature. 

The servo voltage is a function of mass-flow rate. Axial-flow angular-momentum meters are sometimes used in measuring jet engine fuel flow as the fuel energy content correlates much mote closely with mass than volume. 

The cables designed for use at voltages over 49 kV require that the conductor and insulation shields be firmly bonded to the insulation in order to avoid any possibiUty of generating corona at interfaces strippable insulation shields are not accepted. The A ETC specifications for cables rated for 59—138 kV require a volume resistivity of one order of magnitude lower than for the medium voltage cables. 

A layer of oil or paraffin wax is floated on top of the electrolyte to minimize heat and water losses. Cell voltages vary between 1.8 and 2.5 V. In one mode of operation (83) the electrolyte is circulated through the cell at a rate of about 3% of the total volume per minute with the solution usually being introduced at the bottom of the cell. The electrolyte is replenished every one to two hours by drawing off about 10—20% of the total electrolyte volume for treatment with MnCO or MnO, followed by filtration, and is then returned to the electrolysis cycle. 

An advanced Li—Mn02 battery under the trade name MoHceh has been developed by MoH Energy Ltd. (49). The cell has a nominal voltage of 3 V, allowing replacement of two NiCd cells with one MoHceh, hence significantly reducing battery pack size and volume. Production "AA" cells demonstrate a nominal capacity of 600 mAh for an energy density of 100 Wh/kg. Cycle life for this cell is reported to be typically 200 cycles (50). 

The situation illustrated in Figure 4 allows both species to coexist. Either of the two sets of curves can be considered the oxidized species the other is the reduced species. The choice depends on whether oxidation or reduction is occurring at the surface. Assume the upper curve is the reduced species and the lower curve is its oxidized form. An appHed voltage has maintained fixed surface concentrations for some period of time including and The concentration profile of the oxidized species decreases at the electrode surface (0 distance) as it is being reduced. Electrolysis therefore results in an increase in the concentration of reduced species at the surface. The concentration profiles approach bulk values far from the surface of the electrode because electrolysis for short times at small electrodes cannot significantly affect the concentrations of species in large volumes of solution. 

Capillary Electrophoresis. Capillaries were first appHed as a support medium for electrophoresis in the early 1980s (44,45). The glass capillaries used are typically 20 to 200 p.m in diameter (46), may be filled with buffer or gel, and are frequendy coated on the inside. Capillaries are used because of the high surface-to-volume ratio which allows high voltages without heating effects. The only limitations associated with capillaries are limits of detection and clearance of sample components. 

PAFC systems are commercially available from the ONSI Corporation as 200-kW stationary power sources operating on natural gas. The stack cross sec tion is 1 m- (10.8 ft"). It is about 2.5 m (8.2 ft) tall and rated for a 40,000-h life. It is cooled with water/steam in a closed loop with secondary heat exchangers. The photograph of a unit is shown in Fig. 27-66. These systems are intended for on-site power and heat generation for hospitals, hotels, and small businesses. Another apphcation, however, is as dispersed 5- to 10-MW power plants in metropolitan areas. Such units would be located at elec tric utihty distribution centers, bypassing the high-voltage transmission system. The market entiy price of the system is 3000/kW. As production volumes increase, the price is projec ted to dechne to 1000 to 1500/kW. 

Variation in Percentage (by Volume) or Ozone (from Oxygen) with Rate or Flow and Secondary Voltage... 

Number Tank Volume (m ) Surface area (m ) No. of anodes Protection current (A) Voltage (V) Soil resistivity (Q m) [after Eq. (3-44)]... 

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