Volatile content, measurement

Cation Volatile content, measured at the 150°C plateau (%) Theoretical volatile content for the -hydrate species Deduced hydration state (n)... 

The formation of NOx oxygen partial pressure, temperature and coal properties such as nitrogen content and volatile content. Measures can be taken to modify the combustion conditions so that they are less favourable for NOx formation. There are a number of options for combustion modification measures such as reduction of combustion temperature, reduction of residence time in high temperature zones and reduction of excess air. 

Analysis of refined germanium products is done in a wide variety of ways, including several methods that have become ASTM standards (47). Electronic-grade Ge02 is analyzed using an emission spectrograph to determine its spectrographic purity. Its volatile content is measured in accord with ASTM F5 and its bulk density with F6. Other ASTM standards cover the preparation of a metal biHet from a sample of the oxide (F27), and the determination of the conductivity type (F42) and resistivity (F43) of the biHet. 

A convenient method for assessing the extent of surface oxidation is the measurement of volatile content. This standard method measures the weight loss of the evolved gases on heating up to 950°C in an inert atmosphere. The composition of these gases consists of three principal components hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The volatile content of normal furnace blacks is under 1.5%, and the volatile content of oxidized special grades is 2.0 to 9.5%. 

Thermogravimetry (TG) is a measure of the thermally induced weight loss of a material as a function of the applied temperature [45]. Thermogravimetric analysis is restricted to studies that involve either a mass gain or loss, and it is most commonly used to study desolvation processes and compound decomposition. The major use of TG analysis is in the quantitative determination of the total volatile content of a solid. When a solid can decompose by means of several... 

Both samples are in the form of pellets containing antioxidants as specified on the certificates. They have also been examined for sample homogeneity by dilute-solution viscosity. In the case of the linear material, SRM 1475, although the lot is uniform with respect to location, a measurable pellet-to-pellet variation exists. To make certain that a uniform sample is obtained, at least one gram of pellets should be blended to reduce the expectation of error from pellet variability to less than 0.5%. The branched material on the other hand is quite uniform and does not show pellet-to-pellet variation. Both materials have low ash and volatile content. 

It is good to calibrate the equipment frequently, for example, every week. If the test sample contains high volatile content, it is preferable that calibration be performed after each experiment. Make all measurements within the range of calibration points, and do not extrapolate the calibration line. Make all measurements in the same direction of change (i.e.,from lower to higher water activity or higher to lower water activity). 

ASTM D 1489 offers a test method for determining the nonvolatile content of aqueous adhesives. The solids content (or conversely the volatile content) is a measurement of the actual nonvolatile materials that are contained within the formulation. Addition of solvent can be used to correct the viscosity of adhesives or sealants to account for variability in the manufacturing process or inconsistent base materials in the resin formulation. 

As the mesophase has a much lower volatile content than the original binder pitch, and because the mesophase is still deformable by molding, a carbonization process was developed by Bruckmann (19) in which mechanical pressure is applied after the green composite has been pyrolyzed at 450°C for 5 h. A tensile strength of about 800 MPa and a Young s modulus of about 150 GPa were achieved without subsequent impregnation processes. These values were measured after final baking to 950°C. 

In particular, sample temperatures are not sufficiently high to cause complete degradation of the ligninic components, especially for softwoods. For the whole range of thermal conditions investigated, the highest char yields are measured for chestnut and the lowest for beech wood, whereas softwoods attain intermediate values. For the most severe conditions, when the volatile content of the char is at a minimum yields vary from about 21% (beech and pine) to 27% (redwood and Douglas fir) and 33% (chestnut). Consequently wood variety causes variations in the char yield up to 12% with respect to the initial dry wood mass. 

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