Vitamins as nutraceuticals

Seaweeds are a good source of some water- (Bj, B2, B,2, C) and fat-soluble (P-carotene with vitamin A activity, vitamin E) vitamins. To ensure that the adequate intake of all vitamins is received in the diet, people (especially peopleon specialdiet, strict vegetarians, and vegans) can consume foods enriched with vitamins, for example, in the form of functional foods with vitamins as nutraceuticals, extracted from natural sources such as seaweeds. Seaweed vitamins are important not only due to their biochemical functions and antioxidant activity but also due to other health benefits such as decreasing of blood pressure (vitamin C), prevention of cardiovascular diseases (P-carotene), or reducing the risk of cancer (vitamins E and C, carotenoids). 

Therefore, research and following usage of seaweed vitamins as nutraceuticals or ingredients for fimctional food show prospective possibilities for developing food industry also for consumers who can benefit from added health properties of foods. 

Nutraceuticals, 12 61 17 643-683 efficacy of, 17 647-649 future trends in, 17 674 health benefits of, 17 645-649 identification of, 17 646-647 market for, 17 673-674 product classes of, 17 649-673 safety of, 17 647 vitamins as, 17 649-655 NutraSweet, 24 226, 229 Nutrient feeding, for fermentation, 11 39 Nutrient Management Plans, 11 126-127 Nutrient Profiles (AAFCO), 10 857, 858-859t Nutrients... 

A marine nutraceutical is defined as a marine-derived substance that can be used as a dietary supplement or a food ingredient that provides a medicinal or health benefit beyond basic nutrition [Barrow, C.. and F. Shahidi (2008). Marine Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. CRC Press. 494 pp.] Cosmoceuticals are cosmetic products with drug-like benefits conferred by ingredients such as vitamins, phytochemicals, enzymes, antioxidants, and essential oils. 

There have been continuous search for new substances that can improve biological functions and possibility of applying these compounds to promote well-being of human. This has resulted in development of products such as vitamins, dietary supplements, functional foods, nutraceuticals, phytochemicals, bio-chemopreventatives, and designer foods (Zeisel,... 

In this paragraph substances involved in pharmaceutical preparations, processed by supercritical fluids as drugs, polymers, vitamins, additives, preservatives, and nutraceuticals are considered. 

Bioseparations are essential in the manufacture of high-volume, low-value bulk pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals such as antibiotics and vitamins, where economies of scale are used to ensure commercial competitiveness. At the opposite end of the pharmaceutical product spectrum, genetically engineered therapeutic proteins of extremely high value are produced at very small scale. 

The health benefits of food and food constituents is currently gaining much attention. New biotechnological techniques allow the enrichment of food with micro- and macro-nutrients such as rice with high levels of vitamin A, tomatoes with extra flavonoids and also milk with additional calcium. These frmctional foods are often coimected with health benefits. Specific food constituents in a pharmaceutical formulation are called nutraceuticals. These are frequently associated with medical claims. 

Lipid nutritional supplements have been in use before the term nutraceutical was coined. Products such as fish oils, shark cartilage, shark liver oil, and vitamins have been in the market since the beginning of the twentieth century. Some of the health claims of these products lacked strict scientific documentation in the past, and their curative properties were mostly anecdotal. However, today there is a better understanding of the biological properties of lipids and their application has extended to combined pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields such as disease prevention and treatment, excipients and coadjuvants, frawi-dermal carriers, and skin emolliency agents. This has led to the development of bioactive cosmetic and pharmaceutical products whose name has recently been coined as cosmeceuticals. 

Fruits and vegetables contain abundant nutraceuticals or phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, enzymes, dietary fibers, minerals, antioxidants, flavonoids, and anthocyanins and other diverse components including trace chemicals. Interestingly, the flavonoids and anthocyanins in phy to chemicals could be significantly associated with reductions of risk of cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration, and improvements and preventions of many other diseases. 

Like tablets, capsules are mainly used for dogs and cats, but there are some vitamin and mineral supplement capsules formulated for cattle. There are three main treatment areas using capsules as the dosage form nutraceuticals, vitamins and minerals, and antimicrobials. 

We concluded that SC-CO2 can be used to efficiently and rapidly extract oil from all by-products of rice processing. The initial analyses indicated that the quality of the SC-CO2 extracted oil is as suitable for human consumption as the traditionally extracted one. The exhausted cake is still rich in high quality proteins and phosphatides (22). The possibility of obtaining a SC-C02-extracted rice oil rich in y-otyzanol and other antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E) indicates that this rice oil can be considered a nutraceutical product Saito et al. (23) and Dunford and King (24, 25) used SC-CO2 to fractionate rice bran oil by SFF. Their results are extended by the present study to take advantage of the effect of SC-CO2 extraction eventually combined wilh SC-CO2 fractionation to over again increase the value of rice by-products. 

New types of foods are increasingly being seen on the shelves of health stores and supermarkets. These new foods with enhanced nutritional or health properties, the so-called nutraceuticals, are becoming more popular among consumers. Coloured compounds, by their antioxidant character and/or their role as vitamin precursors, have been known to provide health benefits when present in the human diet. Their increased levels in fresh and processed foods, as well as their use as food additives, demand a cheap and easy supply of them. Very often, their production in biological systems such as microorganisms and plants appears as the best option for their industrial production. 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a separation technique that uses sc-fluids as separating solvents. Supercritical fluids can replace other solvents in many purification procedures, even in countercurrent extraction. In synthetic chemistry, SFE can be an alternative to conventional methods for purification/isolation of complex products, for example pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and vitamins [12, 18j. Since SFE is still quite a young discipline, physical properties and basic parameters for many interesting compounds and mixtures are not yet known (in contrast to classical methods like distillations). Therefore, it must be pointed out that for all applications of sc-fluids the phase equilibria have to be determined properly. Unfortunately, for many technical or industrial applications of procedures based on supercritical fluids, the basic parameters are often not yet known. For industrial implementation, scale-up, miniplant, or pilot plant activities, it is absolutely necessary to have information about phase behaviour, solubility, energy balances and... 

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