Viscosity table

The values of Saybolt Universal Viscosity at 100°F and at 210°F are taken directly from the comprehensive ASTM Viscosity Table, Special Technical Publication No. 43A (1953) by permission of the publishers, American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3, Pa. 

The viscosity ratio or relative viscosity, Tj p is the ratio of the viscosity of the polymer solution to the viscosity of the pure solvent. In capillary viscometer measurements, the relative viscosity (dimensionless) is the ratio of the flow time for the solution t to the flow time for the solvent /q (Table 2). The specific (sp) viscosity (dimensionless) is also defined in Table 2, as is the viscosity number or reduced (red) viscosity, which has the units of cubic meters per kilogram (m /kg) or deciUters per gram (dL/g). The logarithmic viscosity number or inherent (inh) viscosity likewise has the units m /kg or dL/g. For Tj g and Tj p, the concentration of polymer, is expressed in convenient units, traditionally g/100 cm but kg/m in SI units. The viscosity number and logarithmic viscosity number vary with concentration, but each can be extrapolated (Fig. 9) to zero concentration to give the limiting viscosity number (intrinsic viscosity) (Table 2). 

The results show that although all the demulsifiers lower the shear viscosity, they differ widely in their demulsification effectiveness, as measured by the residual bottom sediment and water content (Figure 1) (BS and W%) of the dehydrated oil. For example, the demulsifier 0P1, although it lowers both the equilibrium interfacial tension (Figure 2) and the shear viscosity (Table I), nevertheless is ineffective. This is because it takes a much longer time for the oil-water interfacial tension to reach equilibrium with 0P1 than with PI or P2 (see later). 

Very recently, we reported liquid imidazole-borane complexes (scheme 5)57 that are air stable. Judging from their polarity and viscosity (Table 3), they are expected to be a new class of solvent or electrolyte. Preparation of polymer homo-logues of imidazole-alkylborane complexes will also be reported elsewhere in the near future. 

The target HLB can be obtained by using a mixture of anionic surfactant (HLB = 9.4) and nonionic surfactant HLB = 16.7) in the right proportions (1 3.75 based on the formula in Table 3). Such mixing of anionic and nonionic surfactants is expected to lower the individual CMC s and thus an increase of the soil solubilization capacity. The surfactants in the product should be in spherical micelle phase to give a transparent/translucent appearance and small viscosity (Table 6). 

The formulations of Dotarem (Gd-DOTA) consist of aqueous solutions of gadoterate as its N-methylglucamine salt in concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mo 1/1. The latter solution displays relatively high osmolality and viscosity (Table 2) [29]. 

Both chelates have been launched as extracellular contrast agents using doses up to 3 mmol/kg body weight. Both can be formulated as 1.0 molar aqueous solutions with acceptable viscosity (Table 2). These highly concentrated agents are useful in fast dynamic studies such as brain perfusion and fast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). 

The solvents used for electroanalytical determinations vary widely in their physical properties liquid ranges (e.g., acetamide, N-methyl-acetamide and sulfolane are liquid only above ambient temperatures), vapour pressures (Table 3.1), relative permittivities (Table 3.5), viscosities (Table 3.9), and chemical properties, such as electron pair and hydrogen bond donicities (Table 4.3), dissolving ability of the required supporting electrolyte to provide adequate conductivity, and electrochemical potential windows (Table 4.8). A suitable solvent can therefore generally be found among them that fits the electroanalytical problem to be solved. 

These resins are most often characterized by their epoxy equivalent weight (EEW), molecular weight (number of repeating units ri), and viscosity. Table 4.2 shows the relationship between EEW and viscosity. These DGEBA epoxy resins can be used alone or in blends with other DGEBA resins, other epoxy resins, or even other types of polymeric resins. Very often commercial epoxy resin products are actually blends of resins having a broad molecular weight distribution. 

Data of intrinsic viscosity indicate that the conformation of the polymer chain is affected by the sort of solvent. As the polymer is soluble in DMSO but insoluble EG, addition of EG to DMSO may cause shrinkage of the polymer chain. A decrease in intrinsic viscosity (Table 12) appears to correspond to an increase in the hypochromi-city (Table 11). 

Some terminal viscoelastic parameters have also been evaluated at 160°C using a Cole-Cole expression for the dynamic viscosity. Table Ic shows the zero shear viscosity (t]o)> the characteristic relaxation time (ko, corresponding to the... 

Within a series of non-haloaluminate ionic liquids containing the same cation, a change in the anion clearly affects the viscosity (Tables 3.2-1 and 3.2-3). The general order of increasing viscosity with respect to the anion is [(CF3S02)2N] <... 

If the kinetic energy corrections and slippage are neglected, a very simple relation can be obtained for the relative viscosity (Table 4.2). Thus, denoting the terms related to solvent with subscript zero, a ratio of viscosities of solution and solvent in terms of respective flow times for the same Q through the same capillary is obtained from Eq. (4.128) as... 

The commercial liquefaction enzyme typically used (Rhoapect 7016) contained predominantly cellulase and hemicellulase activity but with some pectinase activity. The use of more pectinase and less liquefaction enzyme represented a more favorable treatment economically and was actually more effective in reducing viscosity (Table II). Also, as predicted, the steady state flux of the membranes was higher when pectinase predominated. 

De Kreuk [2] made the first systematic study of the various physical constants of nitric esters, i.e. dielectric constant (c2o)> refractive index ( ), density and viscosity (Table 2). Figures for tribromohydrin and triacetin are given for comparison. 

Filler Increases the Dynamic Viscosity Table 17.6 and 17.7 show examples of dynamic viscosity of rice hulls- and wood flour-lilled HDPE, respectively. 

Perfiuoroalkoxy (PFA) pol mier is the most difficult to fabricate by rotomolding because of its high melt viscosity. Table 6.33 shows the temperature and oven (fusion) time ranges for processing PFA. Some specific examples of rotational molding and lining are described here. 

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