Viscosity range of

Brookfield has introduced a new digital cone—plate viscometer in two versions. The CAP 1000 is a single speed instmment (12,000 or 3, 000 with 60 Hz current) that upgrades the ICl cone—plate design (ASTM D4287). The CAP 2000 is a multispeed viscometer with a viscosity range of 1 15, 000 mPa-s. This instmment covers a wide range of shear rates (166-26, 600 ) and complements the low shear WeUs-Brookfield viscometer. 

The Weissenberg Rheogoniometer (49) is a complex dynamic viscometer that can measure elastic behavior as well as viscosity. It was the first rheometer designed to measure both shear and normal stresses and can be used for complete characteri2ation of viscoelastic materials. Its capabiUties include measurement of steady-state rotational shear within a viscosity range of 10 — mPa-s at shear rates of, of normal forces (elastic... 

With appropriate caUbration the complex characteristic impedance at each resonance frequency can be calculated and related to the complex shear modulus, G, of the solution. Extrapolations to 2ero concentration yield the intrinsic storage and loss moduH [G ] and [G"], respectively, which are molecular properties. In the viscosity range of 0.5-50 mPa-s, the instmment provides valuable experimental data on dilute solutions of random coil (291), branched (292), and rod-like (293) polymers. The upper limit for shearing frequency for the MLR is 800 H2. High frequency (20 to 500 K H2) viscoelastic properties can be measured with another instmment, the high frequency torsional rod apparatus (HFTRA) (294). 

The viscosity range of CN products can be adjusted in advance by choosing the starting cellulose with an appropriate degree of polymerization (DP). A study of the different celluloses examined the impact of various cellulose properties, such as morphological factors (percent crystallinity, fiber length, and distribution), chemical composition (DP, ash content), and hemiceUulose and lignin content, on the nitration behaviors of cellulose (55). 

Lube oil extraction plants often use phenol as solvent. Phenol is used because of its solvent power with a wide range of feed stocks and its ease of recovery. Phenol preferentially dissolves aromatic-type hydrocarbons from the feed stock and improves its oxidation stability and to some extent its color. Phenol extraction can be used over the entire viscosity range of lube distillates and deasphalted oils. The phenol solvent extraction separation is primarily by molecular type or composition. In order to accomplish a separation by solvent extraction, it is necessary that two liquid phases be present. In phenol solvent extraction of lubricating oils these two phases are an oil-rich phase and a phenol-rich phase. Tne oil-rich phase or raffinate solution consists of the "treated" oil from which undesirable naphthenic and aromatic components have been removed plus some dissolved phenol. The phenol-rich phase or extract solution consists mainly of the bulk of the phenol plus the undesirable components removed from the oil feed. The oil materials remaining... 

Viscosity range Usually limited to 2/1 or 3/1 viscosity range of materials Range usually much greater than 3/1... 

The model has been tested over a viscosity range of 1 to 604 cp, surface tension from 22 to 72 dyn/cm, pore diameter from 45 to 110 microns, and flow rate per unit area from 1 to 100 cm3/sec. 

The Weissenbeig Rheogoniometer (49) is a complex dynamic viscometer that can measure elastic behavior as well as viscosity. It was the first rheometer designed to measure both shear and normal stresses and can be used for complete characterization of viscoelastic materials. Its capabilities include measurement of steady-state rotational shear within a viscosity range of 10-1 —13 mPa-s at shear rates of 10-4 — 104 s-1, of normal forces (elastic effect) exhibited by the material being sheared, and of an oscillatory shear range of 5 x 10-6 to 50 Hz, from which the elastic modulus and dynamic viscosity can be determined. A unique feature is its ability to superimpose oscillation on steady shear to provide dynamic measurements under flow conditions all measurements can be made over a wide range of temperatures (—50 to 400°C). 

There is a range of capillary tubes available for use depending on the viscosity range of the samples to be measured. Typical Cannon-Fen-ske capillary tube sizes and viscosity ranges are listed in Table HI.3.1. The viscometers are available calibrated or uncalibrated. Uncalibrated viscometers require the user to calibrate them using fluids with know viscosities. 

AGM A specifications covering gear lubricants. The viscosity ranges of the AGMA numbers conform to the International Standards Organization (ISO) viscosity classification system (see ISO viscosity classification system). AGMA numbers and their viscosity ranges are as follows ... 

A qualitative idea of the surface viscosity is given by noting the ease with which talc can be blown about the surface. Most insoluble films have surface viscosities of c. 10 6 kg s l to 10 3 kg s-1 (for films 10-9 m thick this is equivalent to a bulk viscosity range of c. 103 kg m"1 s 1 to 106 kg itT1 s"1). These films can be studied by means of a damped oscillation method (Figure 4.20). For a vane of length / and a disc with a moment of inertia /,... 

Equation (4.16) should be limited to an oil-phase viscosity range of 0.5 to 40 cP. Figure 4.11 displays a computer run printout of the Ves-sizeV program. This run is for a vertical vessel requiring a 16-ft diameter. The run was for an actual application in which oil and water were mixed and passed through the vessel as an emulsion mixture. 

Paca et al. (1976) showed that for a 0.51 m i.d. multistage contactor with three impellers and for a non-Newtonian liquid with an apparent viscosity range of 0.001 -0.05 Pa S, the mixing time decreases with an increase in gas velocity. 

Based on the above relation, for most practical operations, this reactor behaves much hke the plug-flow reactor, where ReF = pdtL/pOT, ReM = pdiNjp. Here, 0T is the average residence time. The relationship between power consumption and mixing time reveals the similarity of this vessel to the double helical-ribbon mixer. The fraction of dead space in this apparatus appears to be small. The relationships described above are valid for the fluids in the viscosity range of 50-5000 poises. 

Figure 1.20 Viscosity range of hydrogen peroxide-water mixtures.

The exponents involved in Eqs. (41) through (44) indicate that the optimum diameter is relatively insensitive to most of the terms involved. Since the exponent of the viscosity term in Eqs. (41) and (42) is very small, the value of 0.025 ancj 0.027 may j>e taken as unity over a viscosity range of 0.02 to 20 centipoises. It is possible to simplify the equations further by substituting... 

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