Viruses overview

Figure 16.23 Overview of the structure of the SV40 virus particle, showing the packing of pentamers. The subunits of pentamers on fivefold positions are shown in white those of pentamers in six-coordinated positions are shown in colors. The six colors indicate six quite different environments for the subunit. (Courtesy of S. Harrison.)...

Abstract This review provides an overview of the development of viral protease inhibitors as antiviral drugs. We concentrate on HlV-1 protease inhibitors, as these have made the most significant advances in the recent past. Thus, we discuss the biochemistry of HlV-1 protease, inhibitor development, clinical use of inhibitors, and evolution of resistance. Since many different viruses encode essential proteases, it is possible to envision the development of a potent protease inhibitor for other viruses if the processing site sequence and the catalytic mechanism are known. At this time, interest in developing inhibitors is Umited to viruses that cause chronic disease, viruses that have the potential to cause large-scale epidemics, or viruses that are sufQciently ubiquitous that treating an acute infection would be... 

An overview of the role of the virus-associated glycoprotein sialidase (neuraminidase) and some of the most recent developments towards the discovery of anti-influenza drugs based on the inhibition of influenza virus sialidase is provided in this chapter. 

Classification of bacterial viruses In the bacterial viruses, a formal classification scheme is rarely used. Rather, each bacterial virus is designated in terms of its principal bacterial host, followed by an arbitrary alphanumeric. Thus, we speak of T4 virus of Escherichia coli or P22 virus of Salmonella typhimurium. An overview of some of the major types of bacterial viruses is given later. We should note, however, that although a bacterial virus may be designated in reference to its principal host, the actual host range of the virus may be broader. Thus, bacteriophage Mu, generally studied with Escherichia coli, also infects Citrobacter and Salmonella. 

This article provides an overview of the epidemiological impact, pathogenesis and new approaches to the management of enteric infections. Although several enteric viruses are important causes of diarrhea in both developed and developing country, we will focus this overview on bacterial and selected parasitic pathogens. 

Figure 11.3 A schematic overview of virus induced gene silencing.

Chiu, W. and Rixon, F. J. (2002). High resolution structural studies of complex icosahedral viruses a brief overview. Virus Res. 82, 9-17. 

Mammalian cells are commonly employed for the production of therapeutic and diagnostic proteins, since they are able to correctly synthetize the large and complex structures that the human body requires as medicine [1]. Nowadays, they are employed for the large-scale production of recombinant therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and viruses used in the preparation of vaccines (e.g. against rabies, hepathytis B, polio, etc) [2]. An overview of some licensed/approved products derived from mammalian cell culture is given in Table 1. 

A high proportion of human and animal diseases are caused by viruses, from the common cold to poliomyelitis, rabies, hepatihs, and many others. Table 9.1 provides an overview of viruses causing diseases in humans. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, the emergence of the AIDS epidemic focused attention on the need to develop... 

This chapter provides a simplified overview of how researchers use the technique of X-ray crystallography to learn macromolecular structures. Chapters 3-8 are simply expansions of the material in this chapter. In order to keep the language simple, I will speak primarily of proteins, but the concepts I describe apply to all macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies that possess ordered structure, including carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and nucleo-protein complexes like ribosomes and whole viruses. 

In this chapter, a brief overview of the cellular barriers to gene delivery is presented. Special emphasis is given to those events that compromise the translocation process of plasmid DNA from the cytosol into the nucleus. In addition, the strategies developed by viruses to efficiently bypass these cellular barriers and target their genomic DNA into the nucleus of infected cells will be discussed. 

Overview An intact virus, called a virion, consists of a small nucleic acid genome within a... 

Table 9.2 Overview of chemical moieties that have been attached to wild-type (wt) and mutant Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) particles and the purpose of the study and/or application.

Mathieu M, ed. Biologies Development A Regulatory Overview. 2004. See also Pub. F. No. 57-244, 32 Stat. 728, 1902. (An Act to Regulate the Sale of Viruses, Serums, Toxins, and Analogous Products in the District of Columbia, to Regulate Interstate Traffic in Said Articles, and for Other Purposes). 

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