Virus-induced fusion

Viruses can induce fusion of cells. Detergents can modify this action and a report on the effects of detergents on virus- or chemically-induced fusion of erythrocytes has been published. The extent of activation or inhibition by surfactants of Sandai virus-induced fusion was determined primarily by the... 

The experiments of Harris (1965) which show initiation of DNA synthesis in nuclei of hen erythrocytes, rabbit maerophages, and rat lymphocytes after virus-induced fusion with HeLa cells can similarly be interpreted as providing evidence for the intervention of a positive factor emanating from the actively synthesizing cell. 

Pontow SE, Heyden NV, Wei S, Ratner L. Actin cytoskeletal reorganizations and coreceptor-mediated activation of rac during human immunodeficiency virus-induced cell fusion. J Virol 2004 78(13) 7138-7147. 

Figure 2. Ultrastructural aspects of M813 virus-induced ceii fusion as shown by replica preparation technique, (a) Cell surface replica of a PA317 fibroblast after incubation for 30 min at 4°C with medium containing M813 virus. Numerous microvilli extend from the slightly folded cell surface. The...

Y. Okada, Sendai-virus induced cell fusion. Methods in Enzymology (N. Duzugnes, ed.), Academic Press, San Diego, Vol. 221, 1993, pp. 18-41. 

Fantini I, Cook DG, Nathanson N, Spitalnik SL, Gonzalez-Scarano F. Infection of colonic epithelial cell lines by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus is associated with cell surface expression of galactosylceramide, a potential alternative gpl20 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993 90 2700-2704. Fantini I, Hammache D, Delezay O, Yahi N, Andre-Barres C, Rico-Lattes I, Lattes A. Synthetic solnble analogs of galactosylceramide (GalCer) bind to the V3 domain of HIV-1 gp 120 and Inhibit HIV-l-induced fusion and entry. J. Biol. Chem. 1997 272 7245-7252. 

Three pivotal papers that appeared in 1987 established the potency of castanospermine in inhibiting the replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) (254-256), and the intense activity that succeeded these revelations was documented in the previous review (2). Castanospermine is recognized as being one of the most powerful inhibitors of HIV-induced syncytium formation (virus-induced cell fusion), a crucial feature in the cell-to-cell transmission of HIV infection (257). It subsequently transpired that esters of (+ )-239 were even more effective inhibitors of HIV replication, no doubt because their lipophilic nature facilitates penetration through cell membranes, after which they are probably hydrolyzed to the parent alkaloid (216). Much of the current activity centers on 6-... 

Peisajovich SG, Shai Y (2002) New insights into the mechanism of virus-induced membrane fusion. Trends Biochem Sci 27 183-190... 

Peisajovich SG, Gallo SA, Blumenthal R, Shai Y (2003) C-terminal octylation rescues an inactive T-20 mutant Implications for the mechanism of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus-induced membrane fusion. J Biol Chem 278 21012-21017... 

Tidwell RR, Geratz JD, Dubovi EJ (1983) Aromatic amidines. Comparison of their ability to block respiratory syncytial virus induced cell fusion and to inhibit plasmin, urokinase, thrombin, and trypsin. J Med Chem 26 294—298... 

TSP and cancer. Moibilli and canine distemper virus-induced cell fusions (sync5 tia) are mediated by CD9 TSP. TSP proteins involved in dendritic cell and l5nnphoc5 te movements and their eell-to-cell interaction. Cancer cell interaction with stromal cells involve TSP proteins (the Villejuif studies). TSP increased colon cancer eell migration by downregulating laminin-binding... 

Lyles, D. S., and Landsberger, F. R., 1979, Kinetics of Sendai virus envelope fusion with erythrocyte membrance and virus-induced hemolysis. Biochemistry 18 5088. 

Poste, G., 1970, Virus-induced polykaryocytosis and the mechanism of cell fusion, Adv. Virus Res. 16 303. 

Loyter, A., Zakai, N., and Kulka, R. G., 1975, Ultramicroinjection of macromolecules or small particles into animal cells. A new technique based on virus-induced cell fusion, /. Cell Biol. 66 292. 

Huang, R. T. C., Dietsch, E., and Rott, R., 1985, Further studies on the role of neuraminidase and the mechanism of low pH dependence in influenza virus-induced membrane fusion, J. Gen. Virol. 66 295-301. 

In addition to binding to sialic acid residues of the carbohydrate side chains of cellular proteins that the virus exploits as receptors, hemagglutinin has a second function in the infection of host cells. Viruses, bound to the plasma membrane via their membrane receptors, are taken into the cells by endocytosis. Proton pumps in the membrane of endocytic vesicles that now contain the bound viruses cause an accumulation of protons and a consequent lowering of the pH inside the vesicles. The acidic pH (below pH 6) allows hemagglutinin to fulfill its second role, namely, to act as a membrane fusogen by inducing the fusion of the viral envelope membrane with the membrane of the endosome. This expels the viral RNA into the cytoplasm, where it can begin to replicate. 

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