Vinylpyrrolidone-methyl methacrylate copolymer

Hydroxyethylammonium salts of poly-5-vinyltetrazole may be used as filming agent in cosmetics, and also a copolymer of 2-methyl-5-vinyltetrazole with 1-vinylpyrrolidone, methyl methacrylate, and l,o) -hexamethacryloyl oligoacrylate may be applied <2003RCR143>. 

Synonyms 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-2-(dimethylamino) ethyl ester, polymer and 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, compd. with diethyl sulfate Quaternium-23 Vinylpyrrolidone/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer/diethyl sulfate reaction product... 

Synonyms Poly (1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester, polymer with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone Vinylpyrrolidone/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer Definition Polymer from vinylpyrrolidone and dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate monomers Toxicology Irritant... 

When a CTC, such as styrene-MA, is undergoing copolymerization, the system can initiate the polymerization of other vinyl monomers, such as a styrene-methyl methacrylate pair. In contrast, the CTC formed between the styrene-MA copolymer and styrene will not initiate the homopolymerization of styrene.Experimental results tend to support the thought that a polymerizing or activated styrene-MA CTC initiates the polymerization. The initiation of free-radical copolymerization by a polymerizing CTC has also been claimed for the N-vinylpyrrolidone-methyl methacrylate-MA... 

Deviations are also observed in some copolymerizations where the copolymer formed is poorly soluble in the reaction medium [Pichot and Pham, 1979 Pichot et al., 1979 Suggate, 1978, 1979]. Under these conditions, altered copolymer compositions are observed if one of the monomers is preferentially adsorbed by the copolymer. Thus for methyl methacrylate (M1 )-/V-vinylcarbazole (M2) copolymerization, r — 1.80, r2 = 0.06 in benzene but r — 0.57, > 2 0.75 in methanol [Ledwith et al., 1979]. The propagating copolymer chains are completely soluble in benzene but are microheterogeneous in methanol. /V-vinylcarba-zole (NVC) is preferentially adsorbed by the copolymer compared to methyl methacrylate. The comonomer composition in the domain of the propagating radical sites (trapped in the precipitating copolymer) is richer in NVC than the comonomer feed composition in the bulk solution. NVC enters the copolymer to a greater extent than expected on the basis of feed composition. Similar results occur in template copolymerization (Sec. 3-10d-2), where two monomers undergo copolymerization in the presence of a polymer. Thus, acrylic acid-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate copolymerization in the presence of poly(V-vinylpyrrolidone) results in increased incorporation of acrylic acid [Rainaldi et al., 2000]. 

Applying this method to the system polystyrene/methyl methacrylate, block copolymers containing 20—30% styrene have been prepared the systems polyvinyl acetate/styrene and polyvinyl acetate/ethyl chloroacrylate afford block copolymers containing respectively 40 and 82% vinyl acetate 204). In contrast, the polystyrene prepared using phthalyl polyperoxide was unable to initiate the polymerization of vinyl acetate or vinylpyrrolidone, likely on account of the difference in stability of the concerned radicals. 

Some other interesting copolymers having properties of PVC thermal stabUizers, like poly[Af-(a-benzothiazolonylmethyl)methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate] [45], of flame retardants like a terpolymer of styrene, acrylonitrile and a polymerizable perbrominated phenol [76] or poly[4-methacryloyloxy-2,3,5,6-tetrabromobenzyldi-phenyl phosphonate-co-methyl methacrylate] [104] (93), bioddes, mostly copolymers of monomers containing tris(n-butyl tin) or triphenyl tin moieties and alkyl acrylates, methacrylates, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, styrene or A-vinylpyrrolidone [105], e.g. a terpolymer of styrene, MMA and tri(n-butyl tin) itaconate [106] (94),... 

Polyester fibers are composed of linear chains of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which produces benzene, benzoic acid, biphenyl, and vinyl terephthalate on pyrolysis. Acrylic fibers comprise chains made up of acrylonitrile units, usually copolymerized with less than 15% by weight of other monomers, e.g., methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, or vinylpyrrolidone. Thermolysis results in the formation of acrylonitrile monomer, dimers, and trimers with a small amount of the copolymer or its pyrolysis product. In this case, the acrylic is Orion 28, which contains methyl vinyl pyridine as comonomer. Residual dimethyl formamide solvent from the manufacturing process is also found in the pyrolysis products. Cotton, which is almost pure cellulose, comprises chains of glucose units. The pyrolysis products of cellulose, identified by GC/MS, include carbonyl compounds, acids, methyl esters, furans, pyrans, anhydrosugars, and hydrocarbons. The major pyrolysis products are levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-B-D-glucopyranose) and substituted furans. 

When acrylic acid or vinylpyrrolidone was heated with a precipitated acrylonitrile polymer believed to contain macroradicals, block like polymers were formedLikewise poly(acrylonitrile-b-methyl methacrylate) was reportedly produced when acrylonitrile was heated with precipitated methyl methacrylate polymer. Acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers however, were formed only when styrene and acrylonitrile precipitated polymer were heated in the presence of DMF. Presumably the DMF swells the polyacrylonitrile permitting diffusion of styrene monomer into the free radical containing coils. Block copol3miers of methyl methacrylate and various vinyl monomers have also been reported prepared by heating monomers and methyl methacrylate macroradicals in l-propanol(126). Interestingly poly-... 

Copolymers that have been investigated include acrylonitrfle-cr-methyl-styrene, acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate, acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile-vinyl bromide, acrylonitrile-acrylic acid, and acrylonitrile-lV-vinylpyrrolidone. As might be expected the course of the thermal decomposition is significantly affected by the presence of a comonomer some accelerate the cyclization of acrylonitrile sequences, whilst others inhibit the process. 

Graft copolymer of A -vinylpyrrolidone with such polymers as dextran, poly(acrylate esters), polyacrylonitrile, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(methyl methacrylate) films, polyester films, and polyolefins have been reported [24]. 

In general, bulk polymerization processes have been used to study the copolymerization of A -vinylpyrrolidone with a variety of monomers such as vinyl laurate [31], styrene [32], methyl methacrylate [32], vinyl acetate [32, 33], vinyl chloride [32], crotonaldehyde [34], crotonic acid [35], A -vinylsuccinimide [36], butyl methacrylate [37], N-vinylphthalimide [38], acrylic acid [39], various alkyl acrylates and methacrylates including lauryl methacrylate and stearyl methacrylate [40], and ethylene [41]. Table V lists reactivity ratios of several copolymer systems. 

Table XV shows that the best yield of product is produced when all three components are present. While the A/-vinylpyrrolidone-maleic anhydride complex did polymerize, only a small amount of a copolymer formed when A/-vinylpyrrolidone and methyl methacrylate were exposed to ultraviolet radiation, presumably because of complex formation with oxygen.

Lee HP et al. Hydrogen-bonding interactions mediate the phase behavior of an A-B/C block copolymer/homopolymer blend comprising poly(methyl methacrylate-b-vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(vinylphenol). Macromolecules 2006 39(16) 5458-5465. 

Figure 11.40 shows that polymerization yield depends on the solvent selected for the polymerization reaction. The polymerization yield increases as solvent polarity increases. Work on copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone shows that the solvent selected regulates the composition of copolymer. The smaller the polarity of the solvent and the lower the difference between the resonance factors of the two monomers the more readily they can copolymerize. Work on electropolymerization ... 

Most research into the study of dispersion polymerization involves common vinyl monomers such as styrene, (meth)acrylates, and their copolymers with stabilizers like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [33-40], poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) [18,41],poly(methacrylicacid) [42],or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) [43,44] in polar media (usually alcohols). However, dispersion polymerization is also used widely to prepare functional microspheres in different media [45, 46]. Some recent examples of these preparations include the (co-)polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) [47,48],4-vinylpyridine (4VP) [49], glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) [50-53], acrylamide (AAm) [54, 55], chloro-methylstyrene (CMS) [56, 57], vinylpyrrolidone (VPy) [58], Boc-p-amino-styrene (Boc-AMST) [59],andAT-vinylcarbazole (NVC) [60] (Table 1). Dispersion polymerization is usually carried out in organic liquids such as alcohols and cyclohexane, or mixed solvent-nonsolvents such as 2-butanol-toluene, alcohol-toluene, DMF-toluene, DMF-methanol, and ethanol-DMSO. In addition to conventional PVP, PAA, and PHC as dispersant, poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) [54], partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (hydrolysis=35%) [61], and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-fo-butyl methacrylate)... 

This conclusion has been reached in the copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) with N-vinylpyrrolidone (34, 35) (a monomer noted for its thermal stability (36) and discussed in Chapter 9) and with acrylamide (37). The incorporation of the acid monomer in the copolymer decreases with increasing solution pH. The r values with MAA are particularly low at pH <5 because of hydrophobic associations of the methyl groups. Laser-Raman studies (38) have also indicated intramolecular association among the methyl groups of syndiotactic poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) in aqueous solution. The addition of NaCl, at a moderate pH, increases the amount of neutralized, weak acid monomer incorporated (Table III). A more gradual change is observed with pH in the MAA-AM combination than in the AA-AM pair because of the hydrophobic interactions cited. The relationships are nearly quantitative with the ionization of the acids as reflected by the pK of the monomer and polymer acid sequences. 

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