Vinyl fluoride copolymers

Guerra G, Di Dino G, Centore R, Petraccone V, Obrzut J, Karasz FE, et al. Structural characterization of vinylidene fluoride/vinyl fluoride copolymers. Makromol Chem 1989 190 2203-10. 

VF copolymers [FLUORINE COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC - POLY(VINYL FLUORIDE)] (Vol 11)... 

Perfluorinated ethylene—propylene copolymers, Tetrafluoroethylene—ethylene copolymers, Tetrafluoroethylene—perfluorovinyl ether copolymers, Poly(vinyl fluoride),... 

Copolymers of VF and a wide variety of other monomers have been prepared (6,41—48). The high energy of the propagating vinyl fluoride radical strongly influences the course of these polymerizations. VF incorporates well with other monomers that do not produce stable free radicals, such as ethylene and vinyl acetate, but is sparingly incorporated with more stable radicals such as acrylonitrile [107-13-1] and vinyl chloride. An Alfrey-Price value of 0.010 0.005 and an e value of 0.8 0.2 have been determined (49). The low value of is consistent with titde resonance stability and the e value is suggestive of an electron-rich monomer. 

Polymer Solvent. Sulfolane is a solvent for a variety of polymers, including polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(vinyhdene cyanide), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinyl fluoride), and polysulfones (124—129). Sulfolane solutions of PAN, poly(vinyhdene cyanide), and PVC have been patented for fiber-spinning processes, in which the relatively low solution viscosity, good thermal stabiUty, and comparatively low solvent toxicity of sulfolane are advantageous. Powdered perfluorocarbon copolymers bearing sulfo or carboxy groups have been prepared by precipitation from sulfolane solution with toluene at temperatures below 300°C. Particle sizes of 0.5—100 p.m result. 

The inability to process PTFE by conventional thermoplastics techniques has nevertheless led to an extensive search for a melt-processable polymer but with similar chemical, electrical, non-stick and low-friction properties. This has resulted in several useful materials being marketed, including tetrafluoro-ethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (Figure 13.1(d)), and, most promisingly, the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoropropyl vinyl ether. Other fluorine-containing plastics include poly(vinyl fluoride) and polymers and copolymers based on CTFE. 

Particularly relevant is the case of some copolymers of PVDF. Already small amounts (5-20% by mol) of a fluorolefinic comonomer (vinyl fluoride (VF) [89-90], trifluoroethylene [91-93], tetrafluorethylene [94, 95]) can force the polymers to a melt crystallization in the piezoelectric P form. (We recall that the homopolymer crystallizes in the non-piezoelectric a form, by melt crystallization). 

Silastic LS 420, possessing approximately Q.6%-0.9% pendant vinyl groups, was blended with Kynar 7201, a vinylidene fluoride copolymer with tetrafluoroethylene (Atochem), in the presence of triallylisocyanurate (TAIC) and DAP containing a small amount of benzoyl peroxide in the DAP fraction. 

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF)... 

Many vinyl monomers were reported to have been grafted onto fluoropolymers, such as (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acrylates, acrylamide, acrylonitryl, styrene, 4-vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, and vinyl acetate. Many fluoropolymers have been used as supports, such as PTFE, copolymers of TFE with HFP, PFAVE, VDF and ethylene, PCTFE, PVDF, polyvinyl fluoride, copolymers ofVDF with HFP, vinyl fluoride and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). The source of irradiation has been primarily y-rays and electron beams. The grafting can be carried out under either direct irradiation or through the use of preliminary irradiated fluoropolymers. Ordinary radical inhibitors can be added to the reaction mixture to avoid homopolymerization of functional monomers. 

The fluoropolymer family consists of polymers produced from alkenes in which one or more hydrogens have been replaced by fluorine. The most important members of this family are polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (XLVII), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) (XLVIII), poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) (XLIX), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) (L) copolymers of... 

Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers 4-Vinylcyclohexene 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide Vinyl fluoride Vinylidene chloride... 

The vinyl fluoride/vinylidene fluoride and the vinyl fluoride/tetra-fluoro ethylene copolymer systems were also studied (21). In the first case isomorphism is observed in the whole range of compositions, while the distribution of the two types of units is random. The crystal structure is that of polyvinyl fluoride, which is virtually identical with one of the three known crystalline forms of polyvinylidene fluoride, and characterized by a planar zig-zag chain conformation. High degrees of crystallinities in the whole range of compositions are also observed in the second case. However, the crystal structure of the two pure homopolymers is not the same hence we are in the presence of isodimorphism. In any case, for vinyl fluoride contents ranging between 0 and 75 mole-% the structure observed is essentially that of polytetrafluoro ethylene in the crystalline... 

TFE copolymers [FLUORINE COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC - TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE-ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS] (Vol 11) -vinyl fluoride from [FLUORINE COMPOUNDS, ORGANIC - POLY(VINYL FLUORIDE)] (Vol 11)... 

PS PSF PSU PTFE PU PUR PVA PVAL PVB PVC PVCA PVDA PVDC PVDF PVF PVOH SAN SB SBC SBR SMA SMC TA TDI TEFE TPA UF ULDPE UP UR VLDPE ZNC Polystyrene Polysulfone (also PSU) Polysulfone (also PSF) Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyurethane Polyurethane Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl butyrate) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinyl chloride-acetate) Poly(vinylidene acetate) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(vinyl fluoride) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Styrene-butadiene copolymer Styrene block copolymer Styrene butadiene rubber Styrene-maleic anhydride (also SMC) Styrene-maleic anhydride (also SMA) Terephthalic acid (also TPA) Toluene diisocyanate Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Terephthalic acid (also TA) Urea formaldehyde Ultralow-density polyethylene Unsaturated polyester resin Urethane Very low-density polyethylene Ziegler-Natta catalyst... 

The first major application of microfiltration membranes was for biological testing of water. This remains an important laboratory application in microbiology and biotechnology. For these applications the early cellulose acetate/cellulose nitrate phase separation membranes made by vapor-phase precipitation with water are still widely used. In the early 1960s and 1970s, a number of other membrane materials with improved mechanical properties and chemical stability were developed. These include polyacrylonitrile-poly(vinyl chloride) copolymers, poly(vinylidene fluoride), polysulfone, cellulose triacetate, and various nylons. Most cartridge filters use these membranes. More recently poly(tetrafluo-roethylene) membranes have come into use. 

Estane 5702-Fl Viton A BDNPA-F Polyurethane solution system Vinylidine fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, 60/40 wt % Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal/bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal, 50/50 wt % Tris- -chlorethylphosphate Chlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylidine fluoride copolymer, 3 1 Vinyl chloride/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, 1.5 1 Styrene polymer, 100% Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate Bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl)foimal... 

Vinyl fluoride imdergoes free-radical polymerization.The first polymerization involved heating a saturated solution of VF in toluene at 67° C under 600 MPa for 16 hr. A wide variety of initiators and polymerization conditions have been explored. Examples of bulk and solution polymerizations exist however, aqueous suspension or emulsion method is generally preferred. Copolymers of VF and a wide variety of other monomers have been prepared. More recently, interpolymers of VF have been reported with tetrafluoroethylene and other highly fluorinated monomers, such as hexafluoropropylene, perfluorobuty-lethylene, and perfluoroethylvinylether. 

Methacrylate copolymer/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 202 Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol copolymer/... 

The letter Y will be used to denote a halogen atom, since the more commonly used letter X has already been used in describing the conformations. VF, VC and VB denote vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide, respectively. In addition to PVDC and VDC/VC copolymers, PVDF and VDF/VF copolymers (Y=F), and PVDB and VDB/VB copolymers (PVDB denotes that Y=Br) will also be studied. Such a study of the entire isoelectronic series (Y=F, Cl and Br) can provide a more complete understanding of the effects determining the barriers of VDC/VC copolymers. 

There are a number of other polymers in this family including polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene/vi-nylidene fluoride terpolymers, and chlorotrifluo-roethylene/vinyl ether copolymers. 

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