Vinyl chloride comonomer with acrylonitrile

A is also used in conjunction with other plastics to achieve translucent or transparent qualities. Transparent bottles, made by copolymerization of MMA with vinyl chloride, are gradually replacing glass containers. MMA is used in many of the same applications as acrylic latices and is also used as a comonomer with acrylonitrile to make acrylic fibers. 

Fibers with more than 85% acrylonitrile (Acrylan) are called acrylic fibers. Those with less acrylonitrile are called modacrylic fibers. The comonomers with acrylonitrile in modacrylic fibers are typically vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride. 

The principal solution to fabrication difficulties is copolymerization. Three types of comonomers are commercially important vinyl chloride acrylates, including alkyl acrylates and alkyimethacrylates and acrylonitrile. When extmsion is the method of fabrication, other solutions include formulation with plasticizers, stabilizers, and extmsion aids plus applying improved extmsion techniques. The Hterature on vinyHdene chloride copolymers through 1972 has been reviewed (1). 

Copolymers of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate (115) and terpolymers of acrylonitrile, styrene, and methyl methacrylate (116,117) are used as barrier polymers. Acrylonitrile copolymers and multipolymers containing butyl acrylate (118—121), ethyl acrylate (122), 2-etliylliexyl acrylate (118,121,123,124), liydroxyethyl acrylate (120), vinyl acetate (119,125), vinyl ethers (125,126), and vinylidene chloride (121,122,127—129) are also used in barrier films, laminates, and coatings. Environmentally degradable polymers useful in packaging are prepared from polymerization of acrylonitrile with styrene and methyl vinyl ketone (130). Table 5 gives the structures, formulas, and CAS Registry Numbers for several comonomers of acrylonitrile. 

A spirothietane sulfone-oxetane is a comonomer in the preparation of polyethers. A polymer obtained from this sulfone in a solution of bis(3,3-chloromethyl) oxetane with phosphorus pentafluoride can be spun to drawable filaments. Thietane sulfone spirocyclic carbonates may be polymerized via the carbonate group to high-molecular-weight solids said to be useful in laminating. Thietane 1,1-dioxide improves the dye receptivity of poly (acrylonitrile), viscose, cellulose acetate, and poly(vinyl chloride). It is also reported to be a stabilizer for nitric acid in oxidizer mixtures for rocket motors. 2-Methylthietane 1,1-dioxide is claimed to be superior to sulfolane (thiolane 1,1-dioxide) in the liquid extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from mixtures with saturated hydrocarbons. " A number of bis(3,3-alkoxy) thietane 1,1-dioxides have been proposed as intermediates in the preparation of cyanine dyes useful as photographic sensitizers. " ... 

Vinyl chloride is used as a comonomer in many copolymers. For example, copolymers with acrylonitrile are used in the manufacturing of fibers, and those with acrylates and... 

Acrylic fibers are polymers with greater than 85% aerylonitrile content, while those containing 35 to 85% acrylonitrile are known as modaeryhe. Aeryhe fibers eontain minor amounts of other comonomers, usually methyl acrylate, but also methyl methaerylate and vinyl aeetate. These comonomers along with ionic monomers such as sodium styrene sulfonate are ineorporated to enhance dyeability with conventional textile dyes. Modaeryhes usually eontain 20% or more vinyl chloride (or vinylidene chloride) to improve fire retardancy. 

Incorporation of a comonomer reduces crystallinity and the crystalline melting point, permitting processing at lower temperatures or imparting solubility in organic solvents. Vinyl chloride and methyl acrylate are commonly used as comonomers for extrudable resins, typically in amounts from 6 to 28%. Vinylidene chloride copolymers with methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate are commonly used for latex (water-based) coatings. Copolymers with acrylonitrile, methacryloni-trile, and methyl methacrylate are common for solvent-based coatings. All commercially available PVDC resins are copolymers. 

Vinylidene chloride n, CH2 CCl2. A monomer. Bp, 37°C. A colorless, volatile liquid that is produced by the dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane. It is a monomer for polyvinylidene chloride and is a comonomer with vinyl chloride (see saran) and other monomers such as acrylonitrile. (See image). 

Fig. 3. Monomer-copolymer composition in the copolymeri zation of vinyl fluoride at 30°C with 02/B(i-C4H9)3 = 0.5 initiator (based on total monomer charged) and ethyl acetate as solvent. Comonomers vinyl chloride (VCl), acrylonitrile (AN), vinyl acetate (VA), chlorotri-fluoroethylene, ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, cis-l-hydropentafluoropropene (C3F5H), hex-afluoropropene (CsFe), hexafluorocyclobutene (c-C4Fe), and vinylidene fluoride (VF2). From Ref. 86.

Intermediate in production of plastics as comonomer with vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, acrylates etc. Reacts with alcohols and halides to give carboxylic acids. Volatile liq. d o 1.218. Fp -122.5°. Bp 31.7°, Bp °(37°). ... 

Vinylidene chloride is readily polymerized but the homopolymer does not have sufficient thermal stability to withstand melt processing. The homopolymer is not therefore of commercial importance. However, by the copolymerization of vinylidene chloride with lesser amounts (generally 10—30%) of a vinyl monomer, processable copolymers may be obtained. The comonomers most widely used for this purpose are vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile. 

Laser Raman spectroscopy has been proposed as a useful technique for probing the microstructure of copolymers. Good correlations were found between the concentrations of some isolated, dyad, triad and tetrad comonomer sequences in vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride copolymers and certain scattering intensities [99]. The positions and intensities of particular absorption bands have also been correlated with chain microstructure in an infrared study of ethylene/vinyl chloride copolymers, previously characterised by C-NMR analysis [100]. More recently, FTIR spectra have been analysed for monad, dyad and triad monomer sequence-distribution dependencies in random styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers [101]. Changes in peak intensities from normalised spectra were correlated with microstructure probabilities assignments were given if there existed a linear relationship between peak intensity and the number fraction of a microstructure. 

Jenner and Kellou recently studied the pressure effect on azeotropy in free-radical terpolymerization of MA with acrylonitrile, dielthyl fumarate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl vinyl ketone, vinylidene chloride, norbornene, a-methylstyrene, indene, and vinyl acetate, with styrene as the second comonomer common in all cases. It was found that ternary azeotropes were only possible for those systems where the first comonomers had positive e values, i.e., diethyl fumarate, acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl vinyl ketone, and vinylidene chloride. Surprisingly, the coordinates of the ternary azeotropes were very little affected by variations of the pressure from 1-3,000 bars. Since reactivity ratios in multi-component polymerizations are sensitive to pressure, causing terpolymer composition to also be pressure dependent, a shift of the ternary azeotropic point would be expected. Why this occurs awaits further clarification. 

Ecolyte plastics are made by copolymerizing ketone-containing comonomers in small amounts with ethylene, styrene, or other monomers used in the manufacture of commercial plastics. The process is covered by a number of patents [17]. Condensation polymers such as nylon and polyesters can also be made photodegradable by this method [18]. It is even possible with polymers such as poly(vinyl chloride) [19] and poly(acrylonitrile) [20] which normally do not degrade by chain scission. Poly(ethylene... 

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