Vibrio spp

Similar to catechins, several studies have reported that proanthocyanidins exhibit a more or less pronoimced antibacterial activity. Chimg et al. [76] reported that proanthocyanidins determine the growth inhibition of strains of Aeromonas spp.. Bacillus spp., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium per-fringens, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp.. Pseudomonas spp.. Shigella spp., S. aureus. Streptococcus spp., and Vibrio spp. 

Vibrio spp. contaminate water (especially salt water due to the halophilic properties of bacteria), seafood, mollusks, crustaceans, and undercooked vegetables. In Asia, infections frequently accompany floods and other natural disasters. In the Far East and in Japan, V. parahaemolyticus infections are endemic. The causative factor is achlorhydria (often iatrogenic). The onset of Vibrio infection acquired via the orofecal pathway resembles dysentery due to frequent bloody stools (Butterton and Claderwood, 2001). 

The increased incidence of food-borne diseases from shellfish contaminated with Vibrio species have brought forward renewed interest in irradiation of shellfish and other seafood. Results are very promising for clams and oysters without killing the molluscs [65]. The radiation decimal reduction dose (Dio) determined for Vibrio cholerae 01 biotype El Tor inoculated into various molluscs was 0.14 kGy [66]. Similar radiation sensitivity of this organism was found in inoculated fish fillets and shrimp tails [67]. The radiation dose to eliminate as high as 10 CFU/g Vibrio spp. in oysters was 1.2 kGy [68]. The radiation Dio value for V. cholerae 01 biotype El Tor in marine snails was 0.11 kGy [69]. 

Vibrio spp. Beach sediment Mangrove bark Sea urchin Seawater Mangrove bark... 

Other marine organisms and microorganisms besides algae have also been found to be active against several viruses, such as marine Vibrio spp. which was active against infections caused by the hematopoietic necrosis virus and Oncorhynchus masou virus [129], and the aqueous extracts of marine cephalopods, which inhibited the Moloney murine leukaemia virus RT activity [130]. 

Barbieri, E., Fladanzo, L., Fiorentini, C., Pianetti, A., Affone, W., Fabbri, A., Matarrese, P., Casiere, A., Katouli, M., Kuhn, I., Mollby, R., Bruscolini, F., Donelli, G. 1999. Occurrence, diversity and pathogenicity of halophilic Vibrio spp. and non-Ol Vibrio cholerae from estuarine waters along the Italian Adratic coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 2748-2753. 

In vitro, there has been observed the possible antimicrobial activity of oleuropein against human pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, the phenolic compound also confirmed its action on gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains such as Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp. and Staphylococcus aureus [91]. Experimental data indicated that M. pneumoniae, M hominis, M fermentans and M pirum are vulnerable to oleuropein [92]. 

Indeed, if the effects of spirolides in humans reflect those in animals, such minor effects are not to be expected, but rather paralysis and death. Pinnatoxins have been isolated from shellfish of fhe genus Pinna. Several outbreaks of poisoning have been reported in Japan and China among individuals consuming Pinna species [31,33], An association between toxicity of the shellfish and the presence of the pinnatoxins therein has not, however, been established. Indeed, the poisoning incidents were initially ascribed to contamination of the shellfish by Vibrio spp. [31]. 

The bacterial community associated with rotifers has been studied extensively by culture-based approaches (Nicolas et ai, 1989 Skjermo and Vadstein, 1993 Blanch et al, 1997). These studies indicate that bacteria isolated from rotifers depend on the protocols used for rotifer cultivation and enrichment as well as the non-selective uptake of bacteria present in the culture water (Skjermo and Vadstein, 1993). A recent molecular study suggested that the bacterial communities of rotifers are more stable than communities associated with Artemia, with a stable core microbiota being present in most rotifer samples (McIntosh et ai, 2008). Both culture-based and molecular studies have shown that Vibrio spp. are significant components of the bacterial community associated with rotifers (Blanch et al., 1997 Nicolas et al, 1989 Brunvold et al, 2007). 

BRACKMAN G, DEFOIRDT T, MIYAMOTO C, BOSSIER P, VAN CALENBERGH, S, NELIS H and COENYE T (2008) Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde derivatives reduce virulence in Vibrio spp. by decreasing the DNA-binding activity of the quorum sensing response regulator LuxR. BMC Microbiology, 8,149. 

BRACKMAN G, CELEN S, HILLAERT U, VAN CALENBERGH S, COS P, MAES L, NEUS H J and COENYE T (2011) Structure-activity relationship of cinnamaldehyde analogs as inhibitors of AI-2 based quorum sensing and their effect on virulence of Vibrio spp. PLoS ONE, 6, el6084. 

THOMPSON J, GREGORY S, PLUMMER S, SHIELDS R J and ROWLEY A F (2010) An in vitro and in vivo assessment of the potential of Vibrio spp. as probiotics for the Pacific White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei,J Appl Microbiol, 109,1177-1187. 

Produced by Strepiomvces auieo ciens bacteriostatic drug available in oral and ophthalmic fioimula-tions used for treaiinent of several intracellular pathogens and infec tions caused by Vibrio spp- used in acne treatment. 

Heptose, H-49. Constit. of the cell wall of Escherichia coli and of the O-antigenic lipopolysaccharide isol. from group F Vibrio spp. Component of many other bacterial polysaccharides. Hygroscopic syrup. Md +15.2 (c, 2.7 in H2O) (+14). 

Hajlaoui, H., H. Mighri, E. Noumi et al., 2010. Chemical composition and biological activities of Tunisian Cuminum cyminum L. essential oil A high effectiveness against Vibrio spp. strains. 

Erler R, Wichels A, Heinemeyer EA, Hauk G, Hippelein M, Reyes NT, Gerdts G. VibrioBase A MALDI-TOF MS database for fast identification of Vibrio spp. that are potentially pathogenic in humans. SystAppl Microbiol. 2014 38 16-25. 

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