Veterinary problems

Benzimidazoles have been applied rather more as herbicides, and in veterinary problems. There are, for example, many benzimidazole fungicides and herbicides, and the antihelimin-thics thiabendazole (197 R = H) and cambendazole (197 R = NHC02Pr ) are of proven efficiency both for human and veterinary use. There are also some fungicides known among the 2-aminoimidazolines. 

Hintikka E-L. Stachybotryotoxicosis as a veterinary problem. In Rodricks JV, Hesseltine CW, Mehlman MA, eds. Mycotoxins in Human Health. Park Forest South, Ill Pathotox Publishers 1977 277-284. 

The definition of what is meant by realistic, natural exhibits, and the impact and effect of them on the animals exhibited compared with previous methods of zoo exhibitry is touched on, but not well developed. New ideas in this area are emerging and represent future works. I would conclude that most zoos are moving toward more natural based exhibit concepts, but they also provide a good analysis of their difficulties and surveys arguments against the approach such as safety, exhibit honesty, construction and maintenance costs, and veterinary problems. 

Other issues in veterinary bioequivalence which merit attention include policies to be followed when a product is to be used by more than one animal species. Is it sufficient to perform a bioequivalence study in only one species, or should studies be carried out in most or all the species for which the drug is recommended [46] There may be reason to believe that bioequivalence problems exist in some veterinary products [47,48]. 

In Section 4.3, some factors which need to be considered in choosing a method of analysis were discussed in general terms. The next step is to consider the properties of a method that will enable a choice to be made. This is done for a specific case, e.g. the determination of residues of chemicals used in veterinary practice to treat animal diseases and to prevent the development and spread of disease where large numbers of animals are kept in close proximity to each other. Such chemicals may be administered by injection, or orally as a constituent of the feed. Some chemicals are metabolized and excreted while others may be partially retained in edible products such as milk, eggs, meat and offal (liver or kidney). The detection and determination of such residues is a very difficult analytical problem. 

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that was widely used in veterinary medicine. Since 1994 the use of CAP is banned in the EU because of certain toxicological problems (i.e., aplastic anemia and the grey baby syndrome ) observed in its administration to humans [ 107] that have prompted the establishment of a zero tolerance for the presence of these residues in meat and animal products. As a consequence, many efforts have been made to develop sensitive methodologies capable of detecting CAP residues or its metabolites. 

Rapid changes in management and disease problems in veterinary medicine,... 

The assignment of obtaining of cell mutant cultures of domestic animals appears to be one of the hybridization problems. The cultures grown at different time are preserved in Animal Cells Collection and in the cryobank of the Institute of experimental veterinary, and the selection of TK- or GPRT-defective cells needed the answering of several questions. 

For an assessment of environmental indicators, the biological or health-related aspects of animal welfare will be taken into consideration. Most indicators of animal welfare reflect relatively specific problems, measuring different components of welfare rather than welfare per se. Some of the parameters that may serve to describe the indicator animal welfare are immune problems, occurrence of disease, reduced productivity, mortality, physiological stress and behavioural deprivation. These parameters are influenced by animal husbandry issues such as housing conditions, breeding goals, and health measures, i.e. veterinary medicine. These factors are the subject of the following sections. 

Smith, W. (1974). Clinical Problems of Preventive Medicine Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Animals The Dagers to Human Health. British Veterinary Journal 130 ly. 110-119. 

Severe phototoxicity has been reported in cattle and sheep grazing on the plant (the veterinary term is hy-pericism) but not in humans taking therapeutic doses. However, photosensitivity does appear to be a problem... 

Since risk analysis plays an important role in public policy decision making, efforts have been made to devise a means by which to identify, control, and communicate the risks imposed by agricultural biotechnology. A paradigm of environmental risk assessment was first introduced in the United States by Peterson and Arntzen in 2004. In this risk assessment, a number of assumptions and uncertainties were considered and presented. These include (1) problem formulation, (2) hazard identihcation, (3) dose-response relationships, (4) exposure assessment, and (5) risk characterization. Risk assessment of plant-made pharmaceuticals must be reviewed on a case-by-case basis because the plants used to produce proteins each have different risks associated with them. Many plant-derived biopharmaceuticals will challenge our ability to define an environmental hazard (Howard and Donnelly, 2004). For example, the expression of a bovine-specihc antigen produced in a potato plant and used orally in veterinary medicine would have a dramatically different set of criteria for assessment of risk than, as another example, the expression of a neutralizing nonspecihc oral antibody developed in maize to suppress Campylobacter jejuni in chickens (Peterson and Arntzen, 2004 Kirk et al., 2005). 

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