Vertical zooplankton migration

As seen from (3.29), zooplankton are considered passive elements of the ecosystem subject to physical processes of transference in space as a result of water movement. However, zooplankton are known to migrate mainly in the vertical direction. In the given model we can use a simple mechanism to simulate the process of vertical migration of zooplankton. For this purpose, we divide the whole water thickness into two layers 0 < z < z0 and z0 < z < H. Let us suppose that zooplank-... 

Lampert, W., The adaptive significance of diel vertical migration of zooplankton, Func. Ecol., 3, 21, 1989. 

Bollens, S.M., Frost, B.W., Thoreson, D.S., and Watts, S.J., Diel vertical migration in zooplankton field evidence in support of the predator avoidance hypothesis, Hydrobiologia, 234, 33, 1992. 

Wiebe, P.H., Copley, N.J., and Boyd, S.H., Coarse-scale horizontal patchiness and vertical migration of zooplankton in Gulf Stream warm-core ring 82-H, Deep Sea Res., 39, S247, 1992. 

Forward, R.B., Jr., Diel vertical migration zooplankton photobiology and behavior, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 26, 361, 1988. 

Steinberg, D. K., Goldthwait, S. A., and HanseU, D. A. (2002). Zooplankton vertical migration and the active transport of dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen in the Sargasso Sea. Deep Sea Res. 149,... 

Steinberg et al. (2002) Investigated role of vertically migrating zooplankton on transport of nitrogen. This active transport of dissolved N (NH4+ and DON) averaged 27% of mean monthly sinking PON flux at 300 m. 

Neumann, T, Fennel, W., 2006. A method to represent seasonal vertical migration of zooplankton in... 

First, zooplankton may adapt or alter their seasonal or spatial distribution to reduce the UV-stress. Seasonal life cycle adaptations to avoid periods of peak solar intensity may very well be a strategy for UV-exposed and sensitive organisms, yet this is not explicitly demonstrated. Diurnal vertical migration is, however, commonly accredited to direct UVR [8,9]. A critical question is whether organisms have a sufficient spectral resolution to separate UVR from, for example, blue light. This may be important to respond to an increased UVR under constant PAR. Such behavioral responses clearly are important evolutionary traits for swimming animals, and could affect both productivity and trophic interactions the topic will be fully covered in another chapter, and will thus only briefly be touched upon here to illustrate some ecological implications. 

M.D. Ohman (1990). The demographic benefits of diel vertical migration by zooplankton. Ecol. Monogr., 60, 257-281. 

J. Ringelberg (1999). The photobehavior of Daphnia spp. as a model to explain diel vertical migration in zooplankton. Biol. Rev., 74, 397-423. 

Plankton are organisms living primarily in the upper part of the water column and although often capable of some motion, particularly vertical migration in zooplankton, are unable to maintain their overall lateral position and drift with the oceanic currents. Buoyancy aids such as oil bodies are sometimes present. The plankton can be divided into phytoplankton and zooplankton. 

Vertical distributions of several zooplankton parameters such as the biomass, taxonomic composition and size exhibit considerable seasonal and regional variations. Rapid decreases in the biomass (by one to two orders of magnitude) occur within the thermocline. When the subsurface 02 concentration falls below 0.1 mil-1, the extent of vertical migration, and hence the difference between... 

Biological transport of trace elements and radionuclides in the sea is provided mainly through phytoplankton and zooplankton because of their (1) ability to accumulate these elements to high levels, (2) diurnal vertical migration, and (3) production of detritus in... 

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