Horizontal scale

Ternary-phase equilibrium data can be tabulated as in Table 15-1 and then worked into an electronic spreadsheet as in Table 15-2 to be presented as a right-triangular diagram as shown in Fig. 15-7. The weight-fraction solute is on the horizontal axis and the weight-fraciion extraciion-solvent is on the veriical axis. The tie-lines connect the points that are in equilibrium. For low-solute concentrations the horizontal scale can be expanded. The water-acetic acid-methylisobutylketone ternary is a Type I system where only one of the binary pairs, water-MIBK, is immiscible. In a Type II system two of the binary pairs are immiscible, i.e. the solute is not totally miscible in one of the liquids. 

Figure Al.l Radial functions for a hydrogen atom. (Note that the horizontal scale is the same in each graph but the vertical scale varies by as much as a factor of 100. The Bohr radius Oq = 52.9 pm.)...

Plot vertically from hg to Pg (225 psia) and read Tg along temperature lines (not on vertical or horizontal scales). 

What we can display is the free energy of reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products. They are shown separated on a horizontal scale for convenience the abscissa is not defined. This display will be called a reaction profile diagram. 

With the aid of a movable template reproducing the horizontal scales, the values of F on a given curve for a given value of Z—Ss and a series... 

Fig. 10-10 Tritium section of the western Atlantic from 80 N to the equator versus depth (m). Vertical exaggeration is 2000 1. Horizontal scale is proportional to cruise track. (Reproduced with permission from H. G. Ostland and R. A. Fine (1979). Oceanic distribution and transport of tritium. In Behaviour of Tritium in the Environment" (Proceedings of a Symposium, San Francisco, 16-20 October 1978, IAEA-SM-232/67, pp. 303-314. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.)...

Fig. 19. Hydrogen diffusion coefficient, measured at 240°C, as a function of phosphine and diborane gas phase doping level, deduced from the data in Fig. 17. The dependence on dangling bond density is indicated on the top horizontal scale (Street el al., 1987b).

Fig. 5.10. Upper panel chemical profile of a 25 Af0 star immediately before core collapse. (Note change in horizontal scale at 2 Af0.) Lower panel the same, after modification by explosive nucleosynthesis in a supernova outburst. The amount of 56Ni (which later decays to 56Fe) ejected depends on the mass cut, somewhere in the 28Si 56Ni zone, and is uncertain by a factor of 2 or so. Adapted from Woosley and Weaver (1982).

The abscissa (or horizontal scale) should be in the same scale as the values, and should be divided so that the entire range of observed values is covered by the scale of the abscissa. Across such a scale we then simply enter symbols for each of our values. Figure 22.2 shows such a plot. 

Fig. 5.4.2. LAS homologue concentrations in marine-suspended solids (vertical scale), as against their concentrations in water (Cadiz Bay, Spain horizontal scale) (from Ref. [21]).

Figure 4. The partitioning of Baz + into calcite at high rates of precipitation. Reduction of precipitation times from several days to hours yields larger values of kcBa, as compared with Figure 1. Note change of horizontal scale.

Fig. 5 Electrochemical stepwise electron-transfer-bond-breaking reactions. Competition between electron transfer, bond breaking and diffusion. E i2, Half-wave potential RX/RX- standard potential. The horizontal scale is given both in terms of X and k. The number on each curve is the value of A, and the value of log ky is given in parentheses. 5 is taken as 10 cm and D as 10" cm s" . (Adapted from Andrieux et al., 1978.)...

Figure 47, SAMPLE generated profile simulations in AZ1350J resist exposed at 436 nm on an index matched substrate. The mask edge is at 0.75um on the horizontal scale. The unbleachable optical absorbance (A) was varied from the actual value at 436 nm, 0.08 to 0.43. The dose was adjusted to develop each case to dimension (l.5um space) at constant development time. As A increases, all other factors being constant, the dose required to open the line increases and the resist profile becomes...

Fig. 24. Examples of experimental relaxation curves The vertical scales are arbitrary, horizontal scales (x-values) are linear with a single label. In all cases, the axes cross at the origin (0,0). The upper two plots regard a slow-relaxing sample in which the switching effects described in the text are negligible. The bottom two plots regard a very fast relaxing sample in which switching-interval effects are very pronounced.

Fig. 17 Dry thickness of poly(acryl amide) (PAAm), /z, (closed symbols) and contact angle of DI water, 6>diw> (open symbols) as a function of the position on the substrate for samples prepared on substrates containing the initiator gradients made of CMPEiPO mixtures (w/w) 1 1 a ( , ) and b 1 5 (A, A). The contact angle data have an error better than 1.5 deg and 1 mm on the vertical and horizontal scales, respectively. (Reproduced with permission from [76])...

A iH NMR spectrum is a graph of resonance frequency (chemical shift) vs. the intensity of Rf absorption by the sample. The spectrum is usually calibrated in dimensionless units called "parts per million" (abbreviated to ppm) although the horizontal scale is a frequency scale, the units are converted to ppm so that the scale has the same numbers irrespective of the strength of the magnetic field in which the measurement was made. The scale in ppm, termed the 6 scale, is usually referenced to the resonance of some standard substance whose frequency is chosen as... 

Eb are the energy barriers for forward and reverse reactions, A Hr is the heat of the reaction to be discussed later, and the horizontal scale is called the reaction coordinate, an iU-defmed distance that molecules must travel in converting between reactants and products. Polanyi and Wigner lirst showed from statistical mechanics that the rates should be described by expressions of the form as given in the boxed equation by a Boltzmann factor, exp( —E / R T), which is the probabihty of crossing a potential energy barrier between reactant and product molecules. In fact, it is very rare ever to fmd reaction-rate coefficients that are not described with fair accuracy by expressions of this form. 

Fig. 8. Variation of the skin wound half-life with degradation rate R (in collagenase) of collagen-GAG matrix. The half-life is the time required for a wound to contract to 50% of the original area. The degradation is in empirical units, which are defined in terms of an in vitro assay. A somewhat arbitrary broken vertical line is drawn near R = 140 enzyme units. This line shows the level of degradation rate above which the half-life of matrices rapidly drops to the level of the ungrafted wound. The horizontal scale is logarithmic [79]...

Three peaks, labeled a 0, aj0, a Q, in the real part of a60(x) for a water droplet are shown in Fig. 11.9 the real part of the refractive index is fixed but the imaginary part is varied. These optical constants could be obtained by, for example, adding a little dye (food coloring) to water this would increase k without appreciably changing n. Note that the horizontal scale is different for... 

The previous section dealt with a horizontal scale change in one domain resulting in both horizontal and vertical changes in the other domain. Rayleigh s theorem, on the other hand, makes a statement about the area under the squared modulus. This integral, in fact, has the same value in both domains ... 

Fig. 12.9. A silicon carbide fibre in a calcium-aluminosilicate glass matrix (a) ELSAM, 1.9 GHz, z= —3.2 pm (b) calculated contrast from eqns (12.2), (12.45), and (12.46), horizontal scale the same as (a), with tick spacing 2.5 pm this time the experimental parameters gave the best fit without any adjustment (Lawrence 1990).

A clue to this is where the fringes from a crack in the matrix stop. The best way to understand it is to calculate the contrast. Figure 12.9(b) shows the results of such a calculation, plotted as a line scan with the vertical axis at the interface. The material constants of the matrix and the fibre were used to calculate the Rayleigh parameters from (12.46) V(x) was then calculated for the frequency and defocus used in Fig. 12.9(a), and plotted with the same horizontal scale for direct comparison. In the calculated curve, not only do the mean levels... 

Fig. 13.13. Adhesive and topographic contributions to contrast, illustrated by thi-olipid Langmuir-Blodgett film with ordered areas (a) AFM (b) UFM (c) UFM response, showing the normal deflection as the ultrasonic amplitude increases from the centre of the horizontal scale, as in Fig. 13.3(b) (d) sketch of the variation of tip-sample contact in the vicinity of a topographical feature (Dinelli et al. 2000b).

Consider first the polarization curve (i.e., Tafel plot) for the anodic halfreaction occurring in corrosion of stainless steels (Fig. 16.8). The diagram for the active region is much the same as has been seen for other anodes (Figs. 15.4 to 15.7). As Eh is increased to a certain specific value, however, a sudden and dramatic drop in the anodic current density i occurs, corresponding to formation of an oxide film. At higher Eh, i remains constant at a very low level (the horizontal scale in Fig. 16.8 is logarithmic), and the metal has become passive, that is, effectively immune from corrosion. 

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