Zooplankton migration

Alldredge, A.L. and King, J.M., The distance demersal zooplankton migrate above the benthos implications for predation, Mar. Biol., 84, 253, 1985. 

These locations are the time series stations at BATS (near Bermuda), HOT (near Hawaii), and Station P (in the subarctic Pacific). Total organic C fiux at BATS is the sum of the sediment trap and DOC flux. At HOT it is the srun of the Th particle flux, DOC flux, DOC accumulation rate (0.3 mol C m y ) and zooplankton migration flux (0.2 mol C m y ). 

Inasmuch as there may be alternate, biologically mediated pathways (such as zooplankton migration), such a calculation would serve as an underestimate to the total nutrient flux. 

As seen from (3.29), zooplankton are considered passive elements of the ecosystem subject to physical processes of transference in space as a result of water movement. However, zooplankton are known to migrate mainly in the vertical direction. In the given model we can use a simple mechanism to simulate the process of vertical migration of zooplankton. For this purpose, we divide the whole water thickness into two layers 0 < z < z0 and z0 < z < H. Let us suppose that zooplank-... 

Lampert, W., The adaptive significance of diel vertical migration of zooplankton, Func. Ecol., 3, 21, 1989. 

Bollens, S.M., Frost, B.W., Thoreson, D.S., and Watts, S.J., Diel vertical migration in zooplankton field evidence in support of the predator avoidance hypothesis, Hydrobiologia, 234, 33, 1992. 

Wiebe, P.H., Copley, N.J., and Boyd, S.H., Coarse-scale horizontal patchiness and vertical migration of zooplankton in Gulf Stream warm-core ring 82-H, Deep Sea Res., 39, S247, 1992. 

Forward, R.B., Jr., Diel vertical migration zooplankton photobiology and behavior, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 26, 361, 1988. 

Steinberg, D. K., Goldthwait, S. A., and HanseU, D. A. (2002). Zooplankton vertical migration and the active transport of dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen in the Sargasso Sea. Deep Sea Res. 149,... 

Steinberg et al. (2002) Investigated role of vertically migrating zooplankton on transport of nitrogen. This active transport of dissolved N (NH4+ and DON) averaged 27% of mean monthly sinking PON flux at 300 m. 

Elevational migration occurs in many animals that live on mountains. A short migration to lower elevations in winter will accomplish the same as a much longer southerly migration, since valleys have warmer climates than do mountaintops. A form of elevational migration also occurs in zooplankton, tiny animals that drift with the currents in the open ocean. In the summer, when tiny plants are abundant, the zooplankton live near the ocean surface, feeding on the plants, hi the winter, they migrate 1,090 yd (1,000 m) deeper and do not feed at aU. 

Neumann, T, Fennel, W., 2006. A method to represent seasonal vertical migration of zooplankton in... 

First, zooplankton may adapt or alter their seasonal or spatial distribution to reduce the UV-stress. Seasonal life cycle adaptations to avoid periods of peak solar intensity may very well be a strategy for UV-exposed and sensitive organisms, yet this is not explicitly demonstrated. Diurnal vertical migration is, however, commonly accredited to direct UVR [8,9]. A critical question is whether organisms have a sufficient spectral resolution to separate UVR from, for example, blue light. This may be important to respond to an increased UVR under constant PAR. Such behavioral responses clearly are important evolutionary traits for swimming animals, and could affect both productivity and trophic interactions the topic will be fully covered in another chapter, and will thus only briefly be touched upon here to illustrate some ecological implications. 

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