Verbalization, reduction

Reinforces prescribed dietary and exercise program for weight reduction, both verbally and in writing. 

To reveal the cognition-enhancing potential of the S-HTj antagonists, studies in age-related memory impairment have been carried out with psy-chiatrically healthy subjects impaired with scopolamine and patients with dementia. In a randomized double-blind, double-dummy, four-way crossover study in a small number of subjects, each psychiatrically healthy male subject received placebo, scopolamine [0.4 mg im], scopolamine plus alosetron [10 J,g iv], or alosetron [250 Jg] [Preston 1994 Preston et al. 1991). Assessments of verbal and spatial memory, sedation, and sustained attention were performed before and after treatment. The main results from the study were that scopolamine induced robust deficits on all primary variables measured, the reduction in verbal and spatial memories being attenuated by 10- Jg and 250- Jg doses of alosetron, respectively. No effects on the sedation or on changes in attention were noted. 

Chapter 1 examined three risperidone studies that confirm the braindisabling principles of psychiatric treatment by demonstrating that the drug causes a metabolic suppression in the frontal and temporal lobes (deactivation) that occurs in both normal persons and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, and that this disabling effect correlates with a reduction in the expression of symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, that require a fully functioning brain. As previously noted, if measured, the effect would also correlate with an overall reduction in spontaneous mental activity and verbal expressions, which are common clinical phenomena in patients who experience psychomotor retardation in response to neuroleptics. 

Cognitive performance and plasma cortisol were evaluated before and until 10 days after drug administration. Cortisol produced a dose-related reversible reduction in verbal declarative memory without effects on nonverbal memory, sustained or selective attention, or executive function. Exposure to cortisol at doses and plasma concentrations associated with physical and psychological stress in humans can reversibly reduce some elements of memory performance. 

Lead neurotoxicity in a group of lead-exposed foundry workers was surveyed by Baker [12]. Evaluation of 160 workers showed dose-dependent decrements in mood, visual/motor performance, memory, and verbal concept formation. An improvement in the hygienic conditions at the plant resulted in a striking amount of reductions in blood lead concentrations. Attendant improvement in indices of tension (20% reduction), anger (18%), depression (26%), fatigue (27%) and confusion (13%) was observed. 

Scale and Projection. All maps of the Earth s surface require some level of reduction. Map scale is an important concept to maps and mapping because it determines the level of map reduction necessary. Scale is the ratio of a distance measured on a map to the distance it represents in the real world, using the same units of measurement. For example, 1 inch measured on a map with a scale of 1 24,000 represents 24,000 inches (or 2,000 feet) in the real world. The scale used on any given map determines the size of the area that can be represented as well as the level of detail that can be depicted. In addition to the representative fraction (for example, 1 100,000), scale can be shown using a verbal statement such as 1 inch equals 1 mile or a graphic or bar scale printed directly on the map. 

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