Venous congestion

The precise numbers you choose to use are not as important as the concept that, under normal circumstances, the net filtration and absorptive forces are the same. Anything which alters these component pressures such as venous congestion (Pc increased) or dehydration loss (rcc increased) will, in turn, shift the... 

Other features An increase in venous pressure owing to venous congestion will increase venous hydrostatic pressure. If the pressure on the arterial side of the capillaries is unchanged, this moves the venous end of the hydrostatic pressure line upwards and the gradient of the line decreases. This increases area A and decreases area B, again leading to net filtration. 

In heart failure, cardiac output rises again because ventricular afterload diminishes due to a fall in peripheral resistance. Venous congestion abates as a result of (1) increased cardiac output and (2) reduction in venous return (decreased aldosterone secretion, decreased tonus of venous capacitance vessels). 

Therapy of congestive heart failure. By lowering peripheral resistance, diuretics aid the heart in ejecting blood (reduction in afterload, pp. 132, 306) cardiac output and exercise tolerance are increased. Due to the increased excretion of fluid, EEV and venous return decrease (reduction in preload, p. 306). Symptoms of venous congestion, such as ankle edema and hepatic enlargement, subside. The drugs principally used are thiazides (possibly combined with K+-sparing diuretics) and loop diuretics. 

Pus. A liquid inflammation product composed made up of cells (leukocytes) and a thin protein-rich fluid called liquor puris. PVC. Pulmonary venous congestion premature ventricular contraction. 

Thus, acute, subacute, or chronic impairment of spinal blood supply can result from a deficient arterial supply and from venous circulatory problems (Mull and Thron 2004). Spinal vascular malformations like spinal dural arteriovenous (AV) fistulas and AV malformations (AVM) of the perimedullary fistula type are the typical disorders associated with venous congestion of the spinal cord. On the other hand, AVM of the glomerular type are seldom combined with a venous outflow disorder. 

Functional disturbances within the spinal cord are caused by the venous congestion due to arteriali-zation and elevated pressure of the medullary veins (Aminoff et al. 1974). In addition, venous outlets are insufficient and thus reinforcing impairment of the venous circulation and chronic spinal hypoxia. In particular, Merland and coworkers (1980) introduced the concept of blocked venous drainage into the epidural space. 

In heart failure there is poor ventricular function and decreased stroke volume, which may lead to venous congestion and oedema in the abdominal organs and the lung. 

There is some tension between these two objectives in that the action of diuretic and vasodilator drugs, which temporarily improve symptoms, can jeopardise survival. There is a further tension between the needs of treating the features oi forwards failure, or low output, and backwards failure, or the congestive features. The principal symptom of a low cardiac output, fatigue, is difficult to quantify, and patients have tended to have their treatment tailored more to the consequences of venous congestion. 

Venous congestion (see chapters 14, 39) Budd-Chiari syndrome Constrictive pericarditis Right-sided heart failure... 

Shlbayama, Y. The role of hepatic venous congestion and endotoxi-nemia in the production of fuhiiinant hepatic failure secondary to congestive heart failure. J. Pathol. 1987 151 133-138... 

Aromatic collinsonia is a preparation made from the fresh root, leaf, and flower of this herb. It is used for venous congestion and... 

E12. Egeberg, O., The effect of venous congestion on the blood clotting system. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 16, 20-28 (1963). 

Heart failure causes Kerley s B lines (edema of interlobular septa), which appear as thin, horizontal reticular fines in the costophrenic angles. At higher pressures, alveolar edema and pleural effusions appear in the pleural space or as blunting of the costophrenic angles. Pericardial effusions also may appear as a large heart, but because it usually occurs rapidly, there is no evidence of pulmonary venous congestion. 

The treatment of restrictive cardiomyopathy is complex becanse of the heterogeneity of the pathophysiologic abnormalities. Dinretics are used for the symptoms of venous congestion in the presence of restrictive cardiomyopathy, but caution is advised because these patients require high filling pressures to maintain an adequate stroke volume and cardiac output. Hypotension and hypoperfusion may occur as a result of the excessive use of diuretics. Because systolic function is often normal, digoxin is of little benefit and may be proarrhyth-... 

The tincture of Aesculus hippocastanum seeds has been used successfully for haemorrhoids and venous congestion. Aescin, a mixture of oleanane triterpene saponins with a yield of about 13% relative to the crude drug weight, shows anti-inflammatory action, and it is administered orally for clinical use [19]. 

Black CM, Collins J,et al. (2005) Pelvic venous congestion syndrome and lower extremity superficial reflux disease. Presented at Society of Interventional Radiology Annual Meeting, April... 

Fry RP, Beard RW, et al. (1997) Sociopsychological factors in women with chronic pelvic pain with and without pelvic venous congestion. J Psychosom Res 42 71-85... 

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