Vehicle electrical connections

V design and comprises six lead-acid cells in a monobloc container. This battery is compatible with the vehicle electrical system that operates in the voltage range from about 12 to 14 V. Until around 1970, 6-V systems were also in use. In European trucks and buses on the other hand, it is common practice for two, 12-V batteries to be connected in series to achieve a nominal voltage of 24 V. 

Electrical-stability testing is essential for conductive adhesives used for electrical connections. Electrical conductivity can degrade at elevated temperatures, on aging with or without power, and on exposiue to humidity and temperature. The specific test method used depends on the application. One test used for die-attach adhesives specified in NASA MSFC-SPEC-592 (now inactive) involves a series of gold-plated Kovar tabs attached with conductive epoxy to metal pads on an interconnect substrate. In the test vehicle, a bias of 5 V and cmrent density of 139 3.9 A7cm (900 A/in ) are applied to a series of wire-connected tabs, and the resistance change is measured after exposure to 150 °C periodically up to 1,000 horns. The maximum allowable resistance change is 5%. 

One of the battery prototypes for electric vehicles had a volume of 3201 and mass of 820 kg. The positive electrode is manufactured from FeS with the addition of C0S2. A few layers of the active material alternating with graphitized fabric are placed into a basket of molybdenum mesh welded to the central molybdenum current collector. The positive electrode is wrapped into a two-layer separator. The inner layer consists of Zr02 fabric and the outer layer of BN fabric. The negative electrode consists of a lithium-silicon alloy in the porous nickel matrix. The container and the cover are manufactured from stainless steel and electrically connected to the negative electrode. The prototype was drained with current up to 50 A, and the specific power was as high as 53 W/kg (Martino FJ et al, 1978). 

Mark the trailer/container with the telephone number of the carrier on the front exterior near the brake hose and electrical connections, or on a label, tag, or sign attached to the vehicle at the brake hose or electrical connection or... 

Electrical connections on vehicles may need to be easily disconnected for replacement of components. One such type is the bullet connector, shown in Fig. 12.22(g), where the ends are soldered or crimped to the wire and then pushed firmly into the insulated connector. Quick-connect types as shown in Fig. 12.22(h), usually crimped to the wire, are pushed together to form the connection. An insulating sleeve can then be pushed over the completed connection. 

Fuel cells are increasingly being used as power sources for electric vehicles and other applications. An exemplary fuel cell has a membrane electrode assembly with catalytic electrodes and a membrane formed between the electrodes. Hydrogen fuel is supplied to the anode side of the assembly, while oxygen is supplied to the cathode. The membrane provides an electrical connection between the anode and cathode, and provides a medium through which fuel oxidation products are transported from the anode to combine with the reduced oxygen at the cathode [90]. 

Sullivan, S., Slenski, G. Managing electrical connection systems and wire integrity on legacy aerospace vehicles (2001)... 

The pressure sensor is part of the Electronic Stability Control (ESC) safety system for motor vehicles. It transforms hydraulic braking pressure into an electric signal. The MID is the carrier for the printed-circuit board. It also interfaces the electrical connections from the sensor element to the printed-circuit board and from the PCB to the customer s contacts. The MID has interfaces to the sensor cell, to the printed-circuit board, to testers for the appropriate tests, and to the periphery (Fig. 9.5). 

The power developed on the crankshaft is further depreciated by the requirements of such accessories as the electric alternator, power steering pump, and air conditioner. The drivetrain that connects the crankshaft output to the vehicle drive wheels causes a further loss in power. Drivetrain efficiency generally falls within 80 to 95 percent. The remaining useful propulsive power varies with speed. 

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