Vatting

It is used in the dispersed form as a dye for acetate silk, though it has no affinity for other fibres. It is also used as a starting point for alkyl- or acyl-aminoanlhraquinones which are used either as vat dyes or, after sulphona-tion, as acid wool dyes. 

It has been used as a bird repellant and is the parent compound of the anthraquinone vat dyes in which the dyeing is carried out by immersion in the reduced vat solution followed by air oxidation to the original insoluble compound. 

It is a valuable dyestuffs intermediate. When fused with KOH, two molecules of benz-anthrone combine at the positions marked above to give a dibenzanthrone which is in itself a vat dye. Also used as an intermediate for the preparation of the valuable Caledon Jade Green. 

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

ZnS204. Made SO2 on aqueous suspension of Zn dust. Used in bleaches and the vat dyeing process. 

Marecek and colleagues developed a new electrochemical method for the rapid quantitative analysis of the antibiotic monensin in the fermentation vats used during its production. The standard method for the analysis, which is based on a test for microbiological activity, is both difficult and time-consuming. As part of the study, samples taken at different times from a fermentation production vat were analyzed for the concentration of monensin using both the electrochemical and microbiological procedures. The results, in parts per thousand (ppt), are reported in the following table. 

The concentration of insulin in a production vat is determined by the method of isotope dilution. A 1.00-mg sample of insulin labeled with with an activity of 549 cpm, is added to a 10.0-mL sample taken from the production vat. After homogenizing the sample, a portion of the insulin is separated and purified, yielding 18.3 mg of pure insulin. The activity for the isolated insulin is measured at 148 cpm. How many milligrams of insulin are in the original sample ... 

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