Open vats

The plant is harvested by hand sickle and, after defoUation, is stripped and scraped by hand or machine decorticated. Because of the high gum (xylan and araban) content of up to 35%, retting is not possible. The fibers are separated chemically by boiling in an alkaline solution in open vats or under pressure, then washed, bleached with hypochlorite, neutralized, oiled to facUitate spinning, and dried. 

Aniline et al. found SNB. in the blood of a 65-yr-old woman who occupied a second-floor apartment directly above a clandestine laboratory making SNB by an open-vat process. Pitts et al.52 reported... 

When the fermentation is at its height in the demijohn, which will be when the must still contains 3 or 4 per cent of sugar, it is ready to use to prepare a bulk starter. This is best prepared in a small open vat or tub, varying in size according to the amount of starter needed daily. Into this tub are poured twenty to fifty gallons of well-defecated must extracted from clean, sound grapes. It is not necessary to boil it, as the few micro-organisms it may contain will be without effect in the presence of the vastly more numerous yeast cells introduced from the pure culture in the demijohn. 

The saponification by means of carbonated alkali may be performed in an open vat containing a steam coil, or in a pan provided with a removable agitator. 

Maize is usually batch cooked in fresh masa operations and continuously cooked in dry masa operations. In fresh masa operations, three basic types of cookers are commercially used open vats, Hamilton steam-jacketed kettles, and vertical closed cookers (Sema-Saldivar et al. 1990). The open vat is the oldest and most intensive in terms of energy expenditure, labor, and control. The Hamilton steam cooker is widely used, and the maize is indirectly cooked with steam and the heat transfer enhanced by mechanical agitation. The vertical cooker employs direct steam... 

Use of a cover on open-topped tanks, vats or portable containers when not in use, or other methods to reduce the exposed liquid surface. 

There are also several possibilities for the temporal distribution of releases. Although some releases, such as those stemming from accidents, are best described as instantaneous release of a total amount of material (kg per event), most releases are described as rates kg/sec (point source), kg/sec-m (line source), kg/sec-m (area source). (Note here that a little dimensional analysis will often indicate whether a factor or constant in a fate model has been inadvertently omitted.) The patterns of rates over time can be quite diverse (see Figure 3). Many releases are more or less continuous and more or less uniform, such as stack emissions from a base-load power plant. Others are intermittent but fairly regular, or at least predictable, as when a coke oven is opened or a chemical vat... 

Since, as the equation shows, this substance is converted by-concentrated sulphuric acid with loss of water into anthraquinone, a very important route to a much-studied group is opened up. Thus /S-methylanthraquinone, which serves as an intermediate for valuable vat dyes, is prepared technically in this way from phthalic anhydride and toluene. 

Schematic illustration of a generalized cholinergic junction (not to scale). Choline is transported into the presynaptic nerve terminal by a sodium-dependent choline transporter (CHT). This transporter can be inhibited by hemicholinium drugs. In the cytoplasm, acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl -A (AcCoA) by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Acetylcholine is then transported into the storage vesicle by a second carrier, the vesicle-associated transporter (VAT), which can be inhibited by vesamicol. Peptides (P), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and proteoglycan are also stored in the vesicle. Release of transmitter occurs when voltage-sensitive calcium channels in the terminal membrane are opened, allowing an influx of calcium. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium causes fusion of vesicles with the surface membrane and exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine and cotransmitters into the junctional cleft (see text). This step can he blocked by botulinum toxin. Acetylcholine s action is terminated by metabolism by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Receptors on the presynaptic nerve ending modulate transmitter release. SNAPs, synaptosome-associated proteins VAMPs, vesicle-associated membrane proteins.

The kelp is crushed into lumps—say, one to two inches diameter—and extracted with water in rectangular iron vats with false bottoms, heated by steam. The liquid of sp. gr. 1 200 to l-255 is decanted into open iron boiling pans where it is evaporated down to a sp. gr. of 1 325 the salts—mainly potassium sulphate (50-60 per cent.) mixed with sodium sulphate and chloride—which separate by crystallization during the evaporation are removed. The hot liquid is run into cooling vats where crystals of potassium chloride separate. The liquid is again boiled down, and crystals consisting mainly of sodium chloride with 8 to 10 per cent, of sodium carbonate—and called kelp salt-—separate from... 

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