Vascular smooth muscle cells in

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) express the isoforms ECE-la, -lb, -Id and ECE-2. In these cells, ET-1 is secreted via both a constitutive and a regulated pathway. The ratio of released ET-1 big-ET-1 is 4 1. About 80% of the ET-1 is secreted at the abluminal cell surface of endothelial cells. ECE-isoforms are abundantly expressed on the cell surface of endothelial cells and to a lower level also on vascular smooth muscle cells. In atherosclerotic lesions of vessels, however, ECE expression in smooth muscle cells is upregulated. ECE isoforms expressed in smooth muscle cells contribute significantly to the generation of mature ET in normal and in particular atherosclerotic vessels. 

Yu X, Dluz S, Graves DT, et al. Elevated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by vascular smooth muscle cells in hypercholesterolemic primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992 89(15) 6953-6957. 

Grainger DJ, Weissberg PL, Metcalfe JC (1993) Tamoxifen decreases the rate of proliferation of rat vascular smooth-muscle cells in culture by inducing production of transforming growth factor beta. Biochem J 294 109-112... 

Okura, Y., Brink, M., Itabe, H., Scheidegger, K.J., Kalangos, A., and Delafontaine, P., 2000, Oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 102 2680-2686. 

Figure 7. Talin-containing streak-like focal adhesion plaques (A) and beta-actin cytoskeleton (B) in vascular smooth muscle cells in cultures derived from the rat aorta. Immunofluorescence staining, the nuclei couterstained with propidium iodide (A) or Hoechst 33342 (B). Microscope Olympus IX 50, digital camera DP 70, obj. 100, bar=20 pm.

Available evidence suggests that a single unifying mechanism does not exist but rather that various vasodilators may act at different places in the series of processes that couple excitation of vascular smooth muscle cells with contraction. For example, the vasodilators known as calcium channel antagonists block or limit the entry of calcium through voltage-dependent channels in the membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells. In this way, the calcium channel blockers limit the amount of free intracellular calcium available to interact with smooth muscle contractile proteins (see Chapter 14). 

Buemi M, etal. Effects of homocysteine on proliferation, necrosis, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture and influence of folic acid. Thromb Res 2001 104(3) 207-213. 

Ikeda U, Ikeda M, Oohara T, et al, lnterleukin-6 stimulates growth of vascular smooth muscle cells in a PDGF-dependent manner. Am J Physiol I 991 250 1713-1717. 

Peng, N., Liu, J. T., Gao, D. F., et al. 2006. Angiotensin Il-induced C-reactive protein generation Inflammatory role of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 

Williams, B., B. Gallacher, H. Patel, and C. Orme. 1997. Glucose-induced protein kinase C activation regulates vascular permeability factor mRNA expression and peptide production by human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Diabetes 46 1497-1503. 

Studies have led to evidence suggesting that two types of Na+ transport mechanisms may be defective in vascular smooth muscle cells in some forms of hypertension. These are (a) an increased cell membrane permeability to Na+, and (b) decreased active pumping of Na+ at the prevailing intracellular Na+ concentration, resulting from elevated blood levels of an endogenous inhibitor of the Na+-K+-ATPase, the so-called natriuretic hormone. The increase in intracellular Na+ concentration, in turn, promotes Ca2+ influx by the operation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger... 

Frelin, C., Vigne, P., Lazdunski, M. (1990b). The Na+/H+ exchange system in vascular smooth muscle cells. In Advances in Nephrology (Grunfeld, J.P., Bach, J.F., Funck-Brentano, J.L., Maxwell, M.H., eds.), pp. 17-29. Year Book Medical Publishers Inc., Chicago. 

Ortego Monica, et al. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and isoprenylation inhibitors induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Circ. Res., 1998, 83, 490-500. 

Jia G, Cheng G, Agrawal DK (2007) Autophagy of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Autophagy 3 63-64... 

Sheikh, S.P., Roach, E., Fuhlendorff, J. Williams, J.A. (1991) Localization ofYl receptors for NPY and PYY on vascular smooth muscle cells in rat pancreas. Am. J. Physiol. 260, G250-G257. 

Pidkovka, N.A. et al. Oxidized phospholipids induce phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro. Circ. Res. 101 (2007) 792-801. 

Hsieh, C C, Yen, M H, Liu, H W, and Lau, Y T, Lysophosphatidylcholine induces apoptotic and non-apoptotic death in vascular smooth muscle cells In comparison with oxidized LDL, Atherosclerosis 151 (2000) 481-491. 

Xiang D, Huang D, Gai L and Liu H (2000) Relationship between expression of type III collagen and phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells in neointimal of stented coronary artery. Chin Med J 113 324-327. 

RENAL ACTIONS OF VASOPRESSIN Several actions of vasopressin in the kidney involve both Vj and receptors. Vj receptors mediate contraction of mesangial cells in the glomerulus and vascular smooth muscle cells in the vasa recta and efferent arteriole. Indeed, Vj-receptor-mediated reduction of inner medullary blood flow contributes to the maximum concentrating capacity of the kidney (Figure 29-4). Vj receptors also stimulate prostaglandin synthesis by... 

Wrenn RW, Raeuber CL, Herman LE, Walton WJ, Rosenquist TH (1993) Transforming growth factor-beta signal transduction via protein kinase C in cultured embryonic vascular smooth muscle cells. In vitro Cell Dev Biol 29A 73-76... 

Pauletto P, Sarzani R, Rappelli A, Chiavegato A, Pessina AC, Sartore S (1994) Differentiation and growth of vascular smooth muscle cells in experimental hypertension. Am J Hypertens 7 661-674... 

Sibinga NES, Foster LC, Hsieh C-M, Perella MA, Lee W-S, Endege WO, Sage EH, Lee M-E, Haber E (1997) Collagen VIII is expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells in response to vascular injury. Circ Res 80 532-541... 

Other attempts at tissue engineering blood vessels have been made by constructing the vessels ex vivo directly from the cellular components. This may be accomplished by culturing a sheet of human vascular smooth muscle cells in collagen and placing it within a lumenal support to produce tire media. A fibroblast sheet is then similarly cultured and placed about tire media to form the adventitia. Endothelial cells are later seeded into the lumen of the vessel, thus forming a mechanically soimd, three-dimensional vessel. 

Tsuda, K.,Tsuda, S., Minatogawa, Y., Iwahashi, H., Kido, R., and Masuyama, Y. (1988) Decreased Membrane Fluidity of Erythrocytes and Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, Clin. Sci. 75,477-480. 

Lin, S.J., Yang, T.H., Chen, Y.H., Chen, J.W., Kwok, C.F., Shiao, M.S., and Chen, Y.L. (2002) Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract on the Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro and on Intimal Thickening and Interleukin-ip Expression After Balloon Injury in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits In Vivo,... 

Yu, X., Dluz, S., Graves, D.T.,Zhang, L.,Antoniades, HN., Hollander, W., Prusty, S., Valente, A J., Schwartz, CJ., and Sonen-shein, G.E. (1992) Elevated Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Hypercho-lesterolemic Primates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89,6953-6957. 

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