Varnishes production

Treatment in autoclaves was also used in earlier years to reduce the viscosity of collodion cotton intended for the manufacture of varnishes. For the same purpose, a water slurry of nitrocellulose may be boiled under hydrostatic pressure in tubes, as a continuous process. These methods are discussed in detail in the chapter devoted to the manufacture of collodion cotton for varnish production. 

The viscosity of nitrostarch solutions is appreciably lower than the viscosity of the corresponding nitrocellulose solutions. Taking the viscosity of water as 100, the viscosity of 1% nitrostarch solutions varies within the relative values of 45 and 70. Due to such low viscosity and non-oriented crystal structure, nitrostarch solutions leave very fragile film after evaporation. Hence nitrostarch is valueless for varnish production, and for smokeless powder making. 

The test apparatus used in this work was the New York Production Club cabinet developed by the New York Paint and Varnish Production Club and modified by Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Fort Bel voir, Va. It consisted essentially of two parallel iron bars set 6 inches apart and extending upward at a 45 angle from the lower side of the cabinet, and an adjustable cross bar to support the test panel in the desired position. The flame source consisted of absolute ethyl alcohol contained in a brass cup supported on a cork-insulated metal pedestal. 

Applegath, D. D., Offic. Dig. Federation Faint b- Varnish Production Clubs 33, 137 (1961). 

Dietrich, J. J. Paint and Varnish Production (Now. 1966) 75 Diamond Chemicals Technical Bulletin No. 5 (1966) OOBO Dalvor 720 ... 

The Federation of Paint Varnish Production Clubs of Philadelphia, Pa., does not gather statistics, but rather publishes papers and data of technical or production interest to members in its monthly journal (34)>... 

Official Digest of the Federation of Paint Varnish Production Clubs, Philadelphia, Pa.,... 

Genotoxic Effects. No increases in micronuclei or sister chromatid exchanges were observed in varnish production workers exposed to both 2-ethoxyethanol and 2-butoxyethanol (Sohnlein et al. 1993). Postshift biological monitoring for the acetic acids in urine indicated that urinary levels of 2-ethoxyacetic... 

Twelve workers in a varnish production facility were found to be exposed to 2-butoxyethanol at an average concentration of 1.1 ppm (5.3 mg/m ) individual exposures ranged from <0.1-8.1 ppm (<0.5-39 mg/m )... 

A major advance in technique was made by Curtis, Scheibli, and Bradley (49) in 1950 when they employed a jolly balance device (the Shell Thin Film Evaporometer) to follow weight loss of solvent when applied to a filter paper cone. The New York Paint and Varnish Production Club made a detailed study of the Evaporometer (50), made some modifications in the method, and concluded that the instrument gave results that were repeatable within one laboratory, reproducible at different locations, and in general provided better results than alternative methods investigated. The instrument has been improved over the years and now is produced in a highly automated model (51). 

Parkins, J. A. (1957). Behaviour of cellulose nitrate and finishes in light. Paint and Varnish production, 42-44. 

W. H. Brendley, Jr., Fundamentals of acrylics. Paint and Varnish Production, July 9 T1 (1973). Catalysts for the Polymerization of Acrylic Monomers, Rohm and Haas Company Brochure, June 1959. 

Solvents are normally defined as fluids having a maximum b.p. of250 C, which are able to dissolve other components of paints, especially binders. They evaporate under drying conditions when paint films are formed.Solvents must not react with the painted or varnished product. 

Table 18.3.1. Systematology of paint and varnish products (after reference 10)...

Various databases list the paint and varnish products and their composition generally applied in Europe, see Table 18.3.2). 

In addition to solvents, other compounds from paints and varnishes can cause various diseases, often similar to the effects caused by solvents (e.g., asbestos as paint filler or in the construction and shipyard industry, silica, dusts, thermal decomposition products, contaminations of solvents, chromium, iron and lead compounds in paint pigments). It is often difficult to associate a particular components of paints and varnishes with adverse health effects. In most cases, the paint and varnish products were found to be a relevant cause of illness, but their individual compounds were not. 

Patterson Official Digest Federation Paint < Varnish Production Clubs,... 

Modified from Brendley, W.H., Paint and Varnish Production, 63, 19, 1973. 

Stewart (1950) Stewart, A. Lead pigments and paints Official Digest of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs 311 (1950) 1100-1113 SHEG (1985) Stieg, F.B. Opaque White Pigments in Coatings Applied Polymer Science, ACS Symposium Series 285, 2nd ed., less, R.W. Poehlein, G.W. (eds.) American Chemical Society, Washington (1985) 1249-1269... 

Burrell, H., Solubility Parameters for Film Formers, Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Official Digest, 27, 726 (Oct. 1955) A Solvent Formulating Chart, Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Official Digest, 29, 1973-74 (Nov. 1957). 

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