Variable region evolution

The primary structures of CENP-A proteins are surprisingly variable in evolution in comparison to conventional H3. The C-terminal region shows the greatest... 

Kodaira, M., Kinashi, T., Umemura, I., et al. (1986). Organization and evolution of variable region genes of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain. J. Mol. Biol., 190,529-541. 

Hancock, J.M. and Vogler, A.P. (2000) How slippage-derived sequences are incorporated into rRNA variable-region secondary structure implications for phylogeny reconstruction. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14, 366-374. 

Wysocki, L., Manser, T., Gefter, M.L. (1986). Somatic evolution of variable region structures during an immune response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83,1847-1851. 

Figure 4.16 shows variable-temperature IR spectra recorded in the v (CO) region for a CH2CI2 solution of this dihydride upon addition of a 10-fold excess of (CF3)2CH0H. The temperature evolution of the v (CO) intensities in such spectra is analyzed easily to give the equilibrium constants. The pattern in Figure 4.17 shows the temperature dependence of these constants leading to —AH° and —AS° values of 6.7 kcahmol and 19.6 eu, respectively. 

The monitoring network in EMB compared to those established in Central and North Europe or even with the Western Mediterranean Basin (e.g. Spain) is rather insufficient. Particularly there is a lack of data on continuous or long-term monitoring of the chemical composition of particulate matter [12], For some substances (e.g. carbonaceous aerosol), the variability is expected to be much larger than can be resolved by integrating the available measurements and the research studies need to be supported by assessment of the local scale variability. In order to understand the temporal evolution (trends) there is also a particular need for aerosol measurements at additional sites with little influence from local and regional emission sources. 

Gerbi, S.A. (1 996) Expansion segments regions of variable size that interrupt the universal core secondary structure of ribosomal RNA. In Dahlberg, A.E. and Zimmermann, R.A. (eds) Ribosomal RNA Structure, Evolution, Processing and Function in Protein Synthesis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 71-87. 

Feedstock, transportation, and labor cost are all key drivers of regional competitiveness. The cost of different types of feedstock is the least predictable variable, so it is crucial to develop well-informed scenarios before making capacity expansion decisions. The evolution of the competitive landscape, technological discontinuities, and industry conduct (pricing discipline) also need careful monitoring. 

Extended nonequilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with the nonlinear region and deriving the evolution equations with the dissipative flows as independent variables, besides the usual conserved variables. Typical nonequilib-rium variables such as flows and gradients of intensive properties may contribute to the rate of entropy generation. When the relaxation time of these variables differs from the observation time they act as constant parameters. The phenomenon becomes complex when the observation time and the relaxation time are of the same order, and the description of system requires additional variables. 

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