Vanadium, neutron activation

Byrne AR, and Kucera J (1991) Radiochemical neutron activation analysis of traces of vanadium in biological samples A comparison of prior dry ashing with post-irradiation wet ashing. Fresenius f Anal Chem 340 48-52. 

Byrne AR, and Versieck J (1990) Vanadium determination at the ultratrace level in biological reference materials and serum by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 27 529-540. 

Kucera J, and Soukal L (1998) Low uncertainty determination of manganese and vanadium in environmental and biological reference materials by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 415-418. 

Two methods for the determination of vanadium in seawater have been developed which use neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrome-... 

Although the neutron activation analysis is inherently more sensitive than the atomic absorption spectrometry, both procedures yield a reliable measurement of vanadium in seawater at the natural levels of concentration. 

Murthy and Ryan [823] used colloid flotation as a means of preconcentration prior to neutron activation analysis for arsenic, molybdenum, uranium, and vanadium. Hydrous iron (III) oxide is floated in the presence of sodium decyl sulfate with small nitrogen bubbles from 1 litre of seawater at pH 5.7. Recoveries of arsenic, molybdenum, and vanadium were better than 95%, whilst that of uranium was about 75%. 

Nixon277 compared atomic absorption spectroscopy, flame photometry, mass spectroscopy, and neutron activation analysis as methods for the determination of some 21 trace elements (<100 ppm) in hard dental tissue and dental plaque silver, aluminum, arsenic, gold, barium, chromium, copper, fluoride, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, rubidium, antimony, selenium, tin, strontium, vanadium, and zinc. Brunelle 278) also described procedures for the determination of about 20 elements in soil using a combination of atomic absorption spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis. 

An ion exchange chromatographic method has been described [16] for the determination of the various forms of vanadium in fresh water. These include tetravalent cationic, pentavalent anionic and neutral complexed forms of vanadium. Separation is achieved on two columns in series involving the absorption of the sample on Chelex 100 and Dowex 1x8 columns followed by the selective elution of the different vanadium species and their assay by neutron activation analysis. Experiments were carried out using vanadium-48... 

R. Cornelis, L. Mees, J. Hoste, J. Ryckebusch, J. Versieck and F. Barbier, Neutron Activation Analysis of Vanadium in Human Liver and Serum, in Nuclear Activation Techniques in the Life Sciences 1979, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, AEA-SM-227/25, p. 165. 

Improved analytical techniques have resulted in reliable data on accumulated vanadium concentration, oxidation state, and chemical environment. Using neutron activation analysis investigators exam-... 

Neirinckx, R., Adams, F., Hoste, J. Determination of impurities in titanium dioxide by neutron activation analysis, Part 111 Determination of vanadium and aluminium in titanium and titanic by preseparation. Anal. Chim. Acta 47, 173 (1969)... 

A number of analytical techniques have been used to determine ppm to ppt levels of vanadium in biological materials. These include neutron activation analysis (NAA), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), spectrophotometry, isotope dilution thermal ionization-mass spectrometry (IDMS), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Table 6-1 summarizes the analytical methods for determining vanadium in biological materials. 

Allen RO, Steinnes E. 1978. Determination of vanadium in biological materials by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Anal Chem 50 1553-1555. 

Lavi N, Alfassi ZB. 1988. Determination of trace amounts of titanium and vanadium in human blood serum by neutron activation analysis Coprecipitation with Pb/PDC/2 or Be/PDC/3. J Radioanal NucI Chem, letters 126 361-374. 

Mousty F, Omenetto N, Pietra R, et al. 1984. Atomic-absorption spectrometric, neutron-activation and radioanalytical techniques for the determination of trace metals in environmental, biochemical and toxicological research. Part I. Vanadium. Analyst 109 1451-1454. 

Lavi N, Alfassi ZB. 1990. Determination of trace amounts of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, iron, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, titanium, vanadium and zinc in blood and milk by neutron activation analysis. Analyst 115(6) 817-822. 

A number of methods exist for the determination of parts-per-billion (ng/g) levels of chromium in aqueous media (Table 8.1). These are repeatedly reviewed as new techniques are introduced (4,5,6). Potentially all these techniques could be applied to petroleum samples after matrix destruction, but in practice, only a few have been utilized. After wet oxidation of a large sample (> 100 g), 10 to 50 fig of chromium may be determined by a colorimetric procedure with 1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide after iron, copper, molybdenum, and vanadium are extracted as the cup-ferrates (3). In survey analyses, Cr levels as low as 5 ng/g have been measured by optical emission spectroscopy after ashing (2,3) or directly by neutron activation with extended irradiation and counting times (1). Concentrations of chromium above 100 ng/g in used lubricating oils have been measured directly by flame atomic absorption (8) for lower concentrations, heated vaporization atomic absorption (HVAA) has been utilized (9). In the Trace Metals Project, two procedures using this latter technique were evaluated for the determination of 10 ng Cr/g in a variety of petroleum matrices. 

Role of Neutron Activation. Thermal neutron activation does not produce a suitable gamma-emitting isotope for measuring nanogram/gram levels of nickel. For vanadium, the 51V (n,y) 52V reaction, producing a 1434-KeV gamma-ray peak, may be used to measure 10 ng V/g and is not subject to any interferences. However, the half-life of the 52V isotope is... 

Kuceea j, Lenee j, Soukal L and Hoeakova J (1996) Air pollution and biological monitoring of environmental exposure to vanadium using short-time neutron activation analysis. J Trace Microprobe Tech 14 191-201. 

This book is a general survey of the nature of trace metals in petroleum and includes analytical methods for their determination. Vanadium, iron, nickel, cadmium, copper, and molybdenum— their nature, determination, chemical aspects, geochemistry, occurrence in new and used petroleum byproducts and their recovery for resource use—are dealt with in detail by the expert authors in this volume. Among the methods covered are instrumental analysis, neutron activation, activation analysis, oxidative demetallation and kinetic studies. Includes 54 figures and 60 tables. 

Simonoff, M., Llabador, Y., Mackenzie-Peers, A. and Simonoff, G.N. (1984) Vanadium in human serum as determined by neutron activation analysis, Clin. Chem. 30,1700. 

Table 2 presents the vanadium levels in blood or serum/plasma by various investigators in occupationally non-exposed subjects. The data, especially those obtained by neutron activation analysis, show very low levels. 

Physical methods utilizing neutron activation, atomic emission spectrometry, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and adsorptive inverse voltammetry are presently used. Neutron activation determination seems to be the most reliable method for the analytical determination of vanadium in biological specimens taken from occupationally nonexposed and exposed people (Allen and Steinnes, 1978 Glyseth et al., 1979). In... 

Cornells, R., Versieck, J., Mees, L, Hoste, J. and Barbier, F. (1980). Determination of vanadium in human serum by neutron activation analysis, J. Radioanal. Chem., 55, 35. 

With modem methods of analysis of atmospheric particulate matter, especially neutron activation, one can determine atmospheric concentrations of vanadium in remote locations. Comparisons of vanadium concentrations with those of other elements in remote areas suggest that much of the observed vanadium orignates from mans activities. Atmospheric vanadium concentrations in most United States cities are less than 20 ngrams/meter, but many cities in the northeastern United States have up to several figrams/meter. A study of Boston shows that residual fuel combustion is the only source of vanadium of sufficient magnitude to produce the concentrations observed. Because of the high sensitivity for its analysis, vanadium can serve as an indicator of wide-scale movement of particulates from this identified anthropogenic source. 

Analytical methods applied to estimate oxygen in alkali metals are the fast neutron activation for lithium oxide in lithium, vacuum distillation of excess alkali metal and analysis of the residue by atomic absorption spectrometry to estimate oxygen in sodium, as well as in the heavier alkali metals. Equilibration of oxygen between getters such as vanadium, liquid alkali metals and solid electrolyte oxygen meters, can be applied in several alkali metals. They measure oxygen activities directly in alkali metal circuits or closed containers. 

Manganese, bromine, cobalt, vanadium, arsenic, antimony, copper, selenium, aluminum, and lanthanum Tubers Neutron activation analysis... 

In order to resolve the present inconsistencies in serum and blood vanadium determination, Byrne and Versieck [81] reported a totally postirradiation radiochemical neutron activation analysis method. Their procedure was as follows After irradiating the sample for up to 12 min at a nuclear reactor neutron flux of 4 x 10 n/cm -sec the sample was transferred to a 100-mL, long-necked, silica Kjeldahl flask containing 3 mL 18 M H2SO4, 20 ji,g V carrier, and a weighed aliquot of... 

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