Deficiency vanadium

A difference Fourier map, calculated at this point, reveals an additional small electron density maximum in the tetrahedral cavity next to the partially occupied V2. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that the V2 site splits into two independent partially occupied positions with the coordinates, which distribute V atoms in a random fashion in two adjacent tetrahedral positions rather than being simply vanadium-deficient. We label these two sites as V2a (corresponding to the former V2) and V2b (corresponding to the Fourier peak). Refinement of this model slightly improves the fit. Subsequently, additional profile parameters (F, F , and sample displacement) were included in the refinement, followed by a typical procedure of refining the porosity in the Suortti approximation with fixed atomic coordinates and Ui o, and then fixing the porosity parameters for the remainder of the refinement. 

Anke M, Groppel B, Kronemann H and Fuhrer E (1983a) Influence of vanadium deficiency on growth, reproduction and life expectancy of goats. 

Anke M, Groppel B, Gruhn K, Kosia T and SziiAGYi M (1986a) New research on vanadium deficiency in ruminants. In Anke M et al., eds. 5. Spurenelement-Symposium New Trace Elements, University Leipzig and Jena, Germany, pp. 1266-1275. 

Anke M, Groppel B, Kosia Tand Gruhn K (1988b) Investigations on vanadium deficiency in ruminants. In Hurley LS, ed. Trace Elements in Man and Animal, TEMA 6, Plenum Press, New York-London, pp. 659-660. 

Vanadium deficiency has not been investigated in humans. Most diets supply > 10 pg V per day, which suggests that a daily dietary intake of < 10 pg probably meets any postulated vanadium requirement. 

Between 1971 and 1974, four research groups described possible signs of vanadium deficiency, but in 1984 these suggestions were largely refuted (Nielsen 1984,... 

In vanadium-deficient goats, glandular or glandulocystic hyperplasia of the endometrium was observed (Mikhaleva et al. 2001). The sizes of the pancreas, thymus and thyroid of vanadium-deficient goats were increased (albeit insignificantly) when compared with controls (Avdsin et al. 1993). Nonetheless, vanadium-deficient goats produced normal milk, milk fat, and quantities... 

It had been reported earlier (Uthus and Nielsen 1990, Nielsen 1991) that vanadium-deficient nutrition of rats led to increased thyroid weights and thyroid bo-dyweight ratios, and decreased growth. These studies showed that stress factors which alter thyroid status or iodine metabolism also enhance the response to vanadium deprivation. Indeed, it is possible that vanadium is essential in the control not only of certain enzyme reactions but also thyroid metabolism. 

Anke M, Geoppel B, Keonemann H and Kosia T (1985) Vanadium deficiency in ruminants. In Mills CE et al., eds. Trace Elements in Man and Animals, TEMA 5, pp. 275-279. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau Slough SL23BN, UK. 

Gurtler H, Anke M, Glei M, Illing-Gunther H and Anke S (1999) Influence of vanadium deficiency on performance, health as well as blood and tissue parameters in goats. In Pais I, ed. New Perspectives in the Research of Hardly Known Trace Elements, pp. 84-91. Univ. Horticulture and Food Sci Budapest Hungary. 

Medical Significance. The medical significance of vanadium is unclear because knowledge is incomplete of the conditions necessary to produce vanadium deficiency, dietary components that affect vanadlinn metabolism, and its biological function. 

Selenium deficiency muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, cardiovascular diseases Vanadium deficiency hypercholesterolemia... 

Vanadium is a ubiquitous element which is an excellent catalyst in vitro and readily forms chelates. Its concentration in the body is homoeostatically controlled. Evidence has been obtained that vanadate may control the response of the Na pump to K and that vanadium deficiency may explain the retention of salt and water in nutritional oedema. The concentration of vanadium in children with kwashiorkor (page 128) is low compared with normal controls. 

In 1970, Dr. Klaus Schwarz demonstrated that the trace element Vanadium (V) is needed by higher animals. Vanadium-deficient diets resulted in retarded growth, impaired reproduction, increased packed blood cell volume and iron in the blood and bone of rats, and increased hematocrit in chicks. 

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