Value chain mapping

In many situations, the term value chain is used, often in place of supply chain, as in value chain mapping. We first encountered the term through... 

Barrientos, S. (2002). Mapping codes through the value chain from researcher to detective , in Corporate Responsibility and Labour Rights Codes of Conduct in the Global Economy Jenkins, R., Pearson, R. and Seyfang, G. Earthscan, London and Stirling, VA, 61-76. 

The global value chain planning model is structured in parts mapping the value chain planning requirements structure as shown in fig. 53. 

In a global value chain network, products are not always composed of materials from the same location. A location mapping factor defines, which share of material from a defined location is included in the subsequent product. 

Transportation value chain steps have no production costs either. Product pi is equal to p2, while /, and l2 differ to reflect transportation between locations. Hence, recipe factors are 100% and the location mapping factor is 100% for single sourcing or lower than 100% for multi-sourcing. 

Now, indexed material costs for all subsequent products and locations are calculated along the value chain within the indexed step sequence applying location mapping, recipe factors and product value rates as currency relations between starting location // and ending location l2. 

The evenly distributed price points ensure result analysis maps based on a standard grid. Core analysis of simulation results considers profit and utilization of the value chain as illustrated in fig. 106. 

The current process flow is analyzed to determine nonvalue added activities. Then, a second sub-group out of the nonvalue added group is selected by considering what if RFID was deployed. A thorough investigation of each step, along with interviews with experts and additional data collection, the RFID-enhanced value stream map is reduced to 18 steps, as opposed to 54, which represents 66.7% improvement in number of steps. Such an improvement not only makes the supply chain more reliable but also reduces the overall lead time drastically, which is estimated to be a reduction of 60%. 

Neves, M.F., R.M. Rossi, L.T. Castro, F.F. Lopes and M.K. Marino, 2004. A framework for mapping and quantifying value chains towards collective actions. European Marketing Academy, Murcia. International Food Agribusiness Management Association, Montroeux. 

The importance of total supply chain approach can be evaluated by value stream mapping (VSM) (Basu, 2004, p. 118). VSM is a visual illustration of all activities required to bring a product through the main flow, from raw material to the stage of reaching the customer. According to Womack and Jones (1998), the initial objective of creating a VSM is to identify every action required to make a specific product. 

The lean methodology as laid out by Womack, Jones and Roos (1990) is sharply focussed on the identification and elimination of mudas or waste and their first two principles (i.e. value and value stream) are centred around the elimination of waste. Their motto has been, banish waste and create wealth in your organization . It starts with value stream mapping to identify value and then identify waste with process mapping of valued processes and then systematically eliminate them. This emphasis on waste elimination has probably made lean synonymous to absence of waste. Waste reduction is often a good place to start in the overall effort to create a lean supply chain because it can often be done with little or no capital investment. 

With this information, teams can begin working to bring this map to a new and improved state. Such an effort always starts with a focus on internal functions and processes — to clean up existing problems, mistakes, and errors, and optimize internal efficiency. Then the focus can move outside to look at how every hand-off in the end-to-end processing can be improved and made as effective as possible for customer needs. Eventually, the effort spans a full network — an extended enterprise — and applies the appropriate cyber-based technologies to establish the most effective value chain in the eyes of the desired customers and consumers. This most advanced level will contain the greatest span of supply chain dimensions and, of course, the most work to reach completion. 

Vmax and Km values using pga as a substrate at the optimum pH 4.1 were calculated as 500 U/mg and 0.15 mg/ml and 2000 U/mg and 0.15 mg/ml for PGI and PGII, respectively. Mode of action analysis revealed a random cleavage pattern for PGII while for PGI multiple attack on a single chain was observed. For PGII a partial subsite map was obtained. 

The CD spectra of nine proteins in 6 M Gdm-HCl were studied by Cortijo etal. (1973). Those proteins with disulfide bridges were reduced and carboxymethylated. The spectra of individual proteins were not reported, but the range of values at wavelengths from 240 to 210 nm was given. The [0]222 values ranged from —800 to —2400 deg cm2/dmol. From this substantial variation, Cortijo etal. (1973) concluded that the proteins studied are not true random coils in 6 M Gdm-HCl, because random coils should have CD spectra essentially independent of amino acid composition and sequence. The observed variation was attributed to differences in the conformational distribution between allowed regions of the Ramachandran map or to residual interactions between different parts of the chain that are resistant to Gdm-HCl denaturation. 

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