Valeric acid, 288 Table

It IS hard to find a class of compounds in which the common names of its members have influenced organic nomenclature more than carboxylic acids Not only are the common names of carboxylic acids themselves abundant and widely used but the names of many other compounds are derived from them Benzene took its name from benzoic acid and propane from propionic acid not the other way around The name butane comes from butyric acid present m rancid butter The common names of most aldehydes are derived from the common names of carboxylic acids—valeraldehyde from valeric acid for exam pie Many carboxylic acids are better known by common names than by their systematic ones and the framers of the lUPAC rules have taken a liberal view toward accepting these common names as permissible alternatives to the systematic ones Table 19 1 lists both common and systematic names for a number of important carboxylic acids... 

DSM jointly with Du Pont de Nemours308 have patented platinum catalysts generated from the water soluble sulfonated ligand 30 (Table 2 m=0, n=0, m=l, n=2 m=l, n=l, Ar=nBu-S03Li) and used in the aqueous phase hydroformylation of internally unsaturated carboxylic acids, esters or nitriles to their corresponding formyl derivatives which are useful intermediates for the preparation of di-carboxylic acids (e.g. adipic acid). For example, TOFs up to 105 h-1 were achieved in the hydroformylation of 3-pentenoic acid catalysed by Pt/30 (m=0, n=0) at 100°C and 80 bar CO/H2 to give aldehydes with a selectivity of 83% (n/i=3.4), valeric acid (4.6%) and adipic acid (8.1%).308 The products were separated from the aqueous catalyst solution by extraction with ether. Five recycles of the aqueous catalyst solution showed that the Pt/30 (m=0, n=0) catalyst retains its activity. 

The series of acids starting with valeric acid are noncombustible compounds. Simple aromatic acids such as benzoic and phthalic acids are noncombustible solids. As with most other classes of organic compounds, the reactions of carboxylic acids may become violent with strong oxidizing compounds. Table 1.1 presents toxicity and flammability data for a few carboxylic acids in the low-molecular-weight range. 

McCormick and coworkers identified two pathways of biotin catabolism using microbial and rat models (McCormick and Wright 1971 Lee et al. 1972) (Figure 10.1). These pathways are conserved in humans (Zempleni et al. 2009), with degradation of the heterocyclic ring being the notable exception (Lee et al. 1972) (Table 10.1). The valeric acid side chain of biotin is catabolized by... 

The polymers obtained from both bacteria were analyzed by methanolysis and gas chromatography for the compositions of the PHAs produced, with the results shown in Table 1. Both microorganisms were also grown on mixtures of 4-PEA and valeric acid, VA, and the compositions of PHAs so produced are also recorded in Table 1, as are the molecular weights of all of the PHAs produced. ... 

Except for formic acid, propionic acid and valeric acid, the saturated fatty acids generally found in nature are those with an even number of carbon atoms from 2 to 38. Table III shows their scientific and common names, their empirical formulae and molecular weights. 

In an apolar solvent, e. g., a triacylglycerol, (E)-2-hexenal decreases much more rapidly than in a polar medium in which its stability exceeds that of hexanal (Table 5.43). It oxidizes mainly to (E)-2-hexenoic acid, with butyric acid, valeric acid and 2-penten-l-ol being formed as well. The reaction pathway to the C6- and C5 acids is shown in Formula 5.48. 

Problem 1.—Interpret the data in Table III in accordance with predictions based upon Rule I. Why would the solubility of naphthalene in mono-hydroxy alcohols up to Co be predicted to lie below 14 g. per 100 g. solvent Given the solubility in acetic acid, do the solubilities in propionic, butyric and valeric acids agree with predictions Why would one expect naphthalene to be less soluble in toluene than in benzene Predict qualitatively the solubility of naphthalene in the solvents formic acid, heptanoic acid, ethyl benzene, etc. Compare the solubilities in hydrocarbons of the two series CflH2B+2 and CnH2tt , where n=6. Do the facts agree with predictions Predict qualitatively the solubility of naphthalene in ethyl acetate. 

Aliphatic framework molecules most common in organic acids include alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) and alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons). These saturated and unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids may be acyclic (straight or branched chains) or alicyclic (aliphatic rings). Acyclic aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are also referred to as fatty acids (Table 1). The first five saturated acids (formic to valeric) of this type are sometimes referred to as short-chain, low-molecular-weight, or volatile fatty acids. Although a nomenclature for these acids has been established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC), the convention of using the trivial names for the first five saturated acids has remained. Similarly, trivial names are used for the aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (Table 2) that are saturated with two to four carbon atoms (C2-C4) and unsaturated with four carbon atoms (C4). Alicyclic carboxylic acids contain one or more saturated or partially unsaturated rings. These acids most commonly occur... 

Table 3. Experimental conditions and the weight percent of original organic matter converted to acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acids at the maximum for acetic acid generation from organic matter in samples of whole rock (WR), solvent-extracted rock (ER) and isolated kerogen (IK)... 

A one-pot solution polymerization was performed at room temperature using partially aromatic monomers, namely 4,4-bis(4 -hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid as AB2 and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid as AB [118] (see Table 1, entry 5 for monomer combination), in the presence of 4-(A, A dimethylamino) pyridinium 4-tosylate (DPTS) as catalyst and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). The dependencies of the DB and the thermal properties of the polymers on the AB AB2 monomer ratio were studied. Polyesters with statistical dendritic topology, controlled DB, and > 35,000 g/mol were obtained. The DB was found to decrease with an increase in the amount of AB monomers and increasing comonomer ratio in the polymer (rp = ratio of AB to AB2) as shown in Fig. 1. Interestingly, the DB for hb homopolyester and branched copolyester at rp = 0.46 was similar (see Fig. la), because of the fact that on adding the small-sized linear AB to the more voluminous AB2 monomers in the reaction mixture, the steric effects decreased, which promoted the formation of dendritic units formed by the AB2 monomer. The thermal... 

Names of Acids.—The common names of the normal acids are derived from words having some relation to their occurrence or properties, e.g.y but3Tic, from butter, valeric from Valeriana etc. The ofl cial names are derived by adding the termination oic to the root of the name for the hydrocarbon of the same number of carbon atoms. This will be understood by examining the names given in the table and comparing with the formulas. 

The inhibition data for the aminooxy acids was treated similarly (Table I). For the series of aminooxy acids ranging from the acetate to the valerate, and for gabaculine, there was little change in kcat (range from 0.11 to 0.18 sec ) whereas there was a 210-fold range of values of K[Pg.130]

In the case of ester derivatives the degree of esterification (i.e., mono or diesters) and the size of the esterifying acid helps to determine the extent of lipophilicity of the product. Thus betamethasone 17-valerate (Table 14-1) would be expected to be more soluble in CHC13 (1 2) than the 21 -acetate (1 16), which in turn is more lipid soluble than the alcohol (1 325). Topical antiinflammatory potency parallels such values. 

The analogs were prepared from readily available anilines. Halogen substitution as well as substitution with other electron withdrawing groups did not substantially improve potency in the PCA assay. Simple alkyls also had only minor impact on potency. More significant improvements were made with hydroxyl functions and their derivatives, as shown in Table II. The phenol esters were prepared by conventional methods from the phenoxide and a suitable acid halide or anhydride. The PCA activity of the various esters reached a maximum with the valerate (19) but even this was not significantly more potent than the parent 4-hydroxy derivative, 15, which was our early lead candidate. 

Except for valeric, mandelic, and salicylic acid, all of the common names in this table are acceptable lUPAC names. 

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