Vagotomy

Vagotomy A surgical procedure that blocks vagal (cholinergic) stimulation to the stomach. 

Pennickx, F., Vuysteke, P. and Kerremans, R., Recurrences after highly selective vagotomy in refractory and non-refractory duodenal ulcer disease. Acta Chirurgica Belgica 90, 41-45, 1990. 

Vagal neuropathy in diabetes mellitus [145, 146] and truncal vagotomy [147] may markedly change intestinal motility, as do heart-lung transplantation [148]. Spinal cord lesions also alter gut function, but the outlet obstruction due to failure of the striated muscles involved in defecation is more important than the enteric smooth muscle effects [149]. 

Browning GG, Buchan KA, Mackay C The effect of vagotomy and drainage on the small bowel flora. Gut 1974 15 139-142. 

Thompson DG, Ritchie HD, Wingate DL Pattern of small intestine motility in duodenal ulcer patients before and after vagotomy. Gut 1982 23 517-523. 

Sympathectomy and vagotomy alone or combined did not have any effect on radiation-induced emesis in dogs, while ablation of the AP abolished it [65-67], On the other hand, a triple intervention (ablation of area postrema and nerve sectionings) was required to prevent delayed emesis [65]. The rhesus monkey was similar to the dog, that is, the radiation-induced emesis was prevented by ablation of the area postrema [41]. 

Ablation of AP did not prevent radiation-induced emesis in cats, while abdominal vagotomy did [68]. In contrast, the cisplatin-induced emesis required the intact AP in the same species [69]. 

The administration of angiotensin II to an animal with intact baroreceptor reflexes results in reflex bradycardia in response to the marked vasoconstriction. When baroreceptor reflexes are depressed (barbiturate anesthesia) or if vagal tone is inhibited (atropine or vagotomy), angiotensin directly induces cardiac acceleration. 

Wellhoner et al. 2 reported that intravenous injection of III at 25 mg/kg led to marked hypotension in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and cats. The hypotensive effect was particularly marked in old cats that had high blood pressures initially it was not altered by bilateral vagotomy, evisceration, or removal of the carotid bodies, but was reduced or abolished by decapitation. These investigators suggested that the hypotension may result from some effect of the oxime on the CNS. They found also that prior doses of III prevented the hypertensive action of norepinephrine. 

These agents are widely used in the treatment of patients with delayed gastric emptying due to postsurgical disorders (vagotomy, antrectomy) and diabetic gastroparesis. Metoclopramide is sometimes administered in hospitalized patients to promote advancement of nasoenteric feeding tubes from the stomach into the duodenum. 

Octreotide inhibits intestinal secretion and has dose-related effects on bowel motility. In low doses (50 meg subcutaneously), it stimulates motility, whereas at higher doses (eg, 100-250 meg subcutaneously), it inhibits motility. Octreotide is effective in higher doses for the treatment of diarrhea due to vagotomy or dumping syndrome as well as for diarrhea caused by short bowel syndrome or AIDS. Octreotide has been used in low doses (50 meg subcutaneously) to stimulate small bowel motility in patients with small bowel bacterial overgrowth or intestinal pseudo-obstruction secondary to scleroderma. 

Hansen MK, Taishi P, Chen Z, Krueger JM. Vagotomy blocks the induction of interleukin-2 beta mRNA in the brain of rats in response to systemic interleukin-1 beta. J Neurosci 1998 18 2247-2253. 

Hansen M, Kapas L, Fang J, Krueger JM. Cafeteria diet-induced sleep is blocked by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Am J Physiol 1998 274 R168-R174. 

The glycosidic alkaloid veronamine [(— )-4a -L-rhamnosidothali-fendlerine] produces systemic hypotension and bradycardia and a reduction in pressure of the perfused hindlimb of anesthetized dogs (380). The systemic effects of veronamine are blocked by bilateral cervical vagotomy or pretreatment with atropine, indicating that these effects are mediated through cholinergic mechanisms. The effect of veronamine in the perfused hindlimb is not sensitive to atropine. 

Larsson et al. (1983) described studies in the acutely vagotomized rat. Truncal vagotomy is performed under ether anesthesia by cutting the dorsal and ventral... 

The HMOs are beginning to understand that drugs are a much safer and cheaper alternative to surgery. For example, a vagotomy, which is a surgical removal of a peptic ulcer, is now unnecessary thanks to H2-receptor antagonists. It is estimated that in the United States, this has saved more than 3 billion a year. 

Davies NP, WUhams JA. Tubeless vagotomy and pyloroplasty and the Gastrografin test . Am J Surg 1971 122(3) 368-70. 

Ingestion is the primary exposure pathway for botulism. Wound botulism occurs when the bacterium encounters devitalized human tissue, synthesizes toxin, and thus causes disease. Intestinal (adult and infant types) botulism involves ingestion of spores or the live bacterium and, due to impaired intrinsic defenses, the gastrointestinal tract becomes colonized with Clostridium botulinum. In infant type, the mucosal surface of the intestines is susceptible to colonization due to multiple factors including decreased acidity of the stomach and lack of bile of acids, which are natural barriers. In adult-type intestinal botulism, patients have had surgical vagotomy/... 

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