Ether anesthesia

Synonyms Aether AI3-24233 Anaesthetic ether Anesthesia ether Anesthetic ether Diethyl ether Diethyl oxide EINECS 200-467-2 Ether Ethoxyethane Ethyl oxide NSC 100036 l,l -0 Qr-bis(ethane) RCRA waste number U117 Solvent ether Sulfuric ether UN 1155. 

Amresco acryl-40, see Acrylamide AMS, see a-Methylstyrene n-Amyl acetate, see Amyl acetate Amyl acetic ester, see Amyl acetate Amyl acetic ether, see Amyl acetate Amylene, see 1-Pentene a-n-Amylene, see 1-Pentene p-n-Amylene, see cis-2-Pentene cis-p-Amylene, see cis-2-Pentene frans-p-Amylene, see trans-2-Venlene sec-Amyl ethanoate, see Amyl acetate Amyl ethyl ketone, see 5-Methyl-3-heptanone Amyl hydride, see Pentane Amyl methyl ketone, see 2-Heptanone n-Amyl methyl ketone, see 2-Heptanone AN, see Acrylonitrile Anaesthetic ether, see Ethyl ether Anamenth, see Trichloroethylene Anduron, see Diuron Anesthenyl, see Methylal Anesthesia ether, see Ethyl ether Anesthetic ether, see Ethyl ether Anhydrous ammonia, see Ammonia Aniline oil, see Aniline Anilinobenzene, see 4-Aminobiphenyl Anilinomethane, see Methylaniline 2-Anidine, see o-Anisidine 4-Anisidine, see p-Anisidine 2-Anisylamine, see o-Anisidine... 

Synonyms Diethyl ether ethoxyethane ethyl oxide ether anesthesia ether sulfuric ether... 

Synonym Amyl Nitrite Iso-Amyl Nitrite Amyl Sulthydrate Amyl Thioalcohol N-Amyltrichlorosilane Anesthesia Ether Anhydrone... 

ETHYL ETHER Anesthesia Ether, Diethyl Ether, Diethyl Oxide, Ethoxyethane, Sulfuric Ether Flammable Liquid 2 4 1... 

SYNS AETHER ANAESTHETIC ETHER ANESTHESIA ETHER ANESTHETIC ETHER DIAETHYL, ETHER (GERMAN) DIETHYL ETHER pOT) DIETHYL OXIDE DWUETYLOWT ETER (POLISH) ETERE ETILICO (ITALIAN) ETHER ETHER ETHYLIQUE (FRENCH) ETHOXYETHANE l,l -OXYBISETHANE OXYDE d ETHYLE (FRENCH) RCRA WASTE NUMBER LT17 SOLVENT ETHER... 

ANESTHENYL (109-87-5) see methylal. ANESTHESIA ETHER or ANESTHETIC ETHER (60-29-7) see diethyl ether. ANHIDRIDO ACETICO (Spanish) or ANHYDRIDE ACETIQUE (French) (108-24-7) see acetic anhydride. 

Chemical Designations — Synonyms Anesthesia Ether Diethyl Ether ... 

Historical Inhalation Agents. Diethyl ether produces excellent surgical anesthesia, but it is flammable (see Ethers). Chloroform is a nonflammable, sweet smelling, colorless Hquid which provides analgesia at nonanesthetic doses and can provide potent anesthesia at 1% (see Chlorocarbons AND CHLOROHYDROCARBONs). However, a metabohte causes hepatic cell necrosis. Tdlene, a nonflammable colorless Hquid, has a slower onset and recovery and a higher toxicity and chemical reactivity than desirable. Cyclopropane is a colorless gas which has rapid induction (2 —3 min) and recovery characteristics and analgesia is obtained in the range of 3—5% with adequate skeletal muscle relaxation (see Hydrocarbons). The use of cyclopropane has ceased, however, because of its flammabiHty and marked predisposition to cause arrhythmias. 

Sevoflurane. Sevoflurane, l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl fluromethyl ether [28523-86-6] is nonpungent, suggesting use in induction of anesthesia. The blood/gas partition coefficient is less than other marketed products (Table 1) yet similar to nitrous oxide, suggesting fast onset and recovery. In animal studies, recovery was faster for sevoflurane than for isoflurane, enflurane, or halothane (76). Sevoflurane is stable to light, oxygen, and metals (28). However, the agent does degrade in soda lime (77). 

Specifications. Ethyl ether is commercially avaHable in the foHowing grades USP anesthesia, absolute (ACS), industrial, solvent (cone), and synthetic. Specifications vary, depending on the consumer and use. In many instances, the ether has to meet a specific test written into the specification, eg, it may be important that the ether is completely anhydrous or free from alcohol and aldehyde. 

For use in anesthesia the USP (22) also recognizes slightly less pure grades ethyl oxide (solvent ether), ether abs, and reagent-grade ether. 

Narcosis Narcosis is a state of deep stupor or unconsciousness, produced by a chemical substance, such as a drug or anesthesia. Inhalation of certain chemicals can lead to narcosis. For example, diethyl ether and chloroform, two common organic solvents, were among the first examples of anesthesia known. Many other chemicals that you would not suspect can also cause narcosis. For example, even though nitrogen gas comprises 80% of the air we breathe and is considered chemically inert (unreactive) it can cause narcosis under certain conditions. Always work with adequate inhalation and avoid inhaling chemical fumes, mists, dusts etc. whenever possible. Use fume hoods and respirators as necessary. 

The toxic effect depends both on lipid and blood solubility. I his will be illustrated with an example of anesthetic gases. The solubility of dinitrous oxide (N2O) in blood is very small therefore, it very quickly saturates in the blood, and its effect on the central nervous system is quick, but because N,0 is not highly lipid soluble, it does not cause deep anesthesia. Halothane and diethyl ether, in contrast, are very lipid soluble, and their solubility in the blood is also high. Thus, their saturation in the blood takes place slowly. For the same reason, the increase of tissue concentration is a slow process. On the other hand, the depression of the central nervous system may become deep, and may even cause death. During the elimination phase, the same processes occur in reverse order. N2O is rapidly eliminated whereas the elimination of halothane and diethyl ether is slow. In addition, only a small part of halothane and diethyl ether are eliminated via the lungs. They require first biotransformation and then elimination of the metabolites through the kidneys into the... 

This rule holds reasonably well when C or t varies within a narrow range for acute exposure to a gaseous compound (Rinehart and Hatch, 1964) and for chronic exposure to an inert particle (Henderson et al., 1991). Excursion of C or / beyond these limits will cause the assumption Ct = K to be incorrect (Adams et al., 1950, 1952 Sidorenko and Pinigin, 1976 Andersen et al., 1979 Uemitsu et al., 1985). For example, an animal may be exposed to 1000 ppm of diethyl ether for 420 min or 1400 ppm for 300 min without incurring any anesthesia. However, exposure to 420,000 ppm for lmin will surely cause anesthesia or even death of the animal. Furthermore, toxicokinetic study of fiver enzymes affected by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride (Uemitsu et al., 1985), which has a saturable metabolism in rats, showed that Ct = K does not correctly reflect the toxicity value of this compound. Therefore, the limitations of Haber s rule must be recognized when it is used in interpolation or extrapolation of inhalation toxicity data. 

Concentrations of ethyl ether ranging from 100,000 to 150,000 are required for induction of human anesthesia however, exposure at this concentration may also produce fatalities from respiratory arrest. Maintenance of surgical anesthesia is achieved at... 

In humans, methylal has been used as an anesthetic in a number of surgical operations however, anesthesia was produced more slowly than with ether, and the effect of methylal was more transitory. ... 

D5. Dawson, B., Adson, M. A., Dockerty, M. B., Fleisher, G. A., Jones, R. R., Hartridge, V. B., Schnelle, N., McGuckin, W. F., and Summerskill, W. H., Hepatic function tests Postoperative changes with halothane or diethyl ether anesthesia. Mayo Clin. Proc. 41, 599-607 (1966). 

Neuromuscular blockade A partial neuromuscular blockade was demonstrated after large IV doses of capreomycin. This action was enhanced by ether anesthesia (as has been reported for neomycin) and was antagonized by neostigmine. 

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