Vaginal artery

The uterine artery arises from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery usually close to, or in common with the middle hemorrhoidal or vaginal artery. There are several configurations for the origin of the uterine artery. It can be the first... 

Anatomic Considerations The bladder is supplied by the superior and inferior vesical arteries derived from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. With anatomic variation, the vesical arteries may originate from the obturator and inferior gluteal arteries, and in the female, additional branches are derived from the uterine and vaginal arteries. When... 

Technical Considerations The placement of the catheters in both internal iliac arteries, selectively into the main trunks, the anterior divisions, the vaginal arteries from the pudendals or the uterine arteries depends on the blood supply to the tumors and the flow distribution as evaluated by angiography, radionuclide flow study, and CT angiography. 

Gallbladder disease, hepatic adenoma, pancreatitis, thrombosis of abdominal artery or vein Endometrial, cervical, or vaginal cancer Deep vein thrombosis... 

Penile erection occurs by relaxation of the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum, increasing blood flow into the penis and producing erection and rigidity. In a parallel fashion, vaginal pressure stimulation increases blood velocity and flow into clitoral arteries (Lavoisier et al. 1995). Cavernosal vasodilation is accomplished by neurotransmitters released from the cavernosal nerve and endothelial cells. One of the most important transmitters in this cascade is nitric oxide (NO), which induces synthesis of cyclic GMP from guanylate cyclase (Rajfer et al. 1992). Thus, ginkgo s vascular mechanisms could be responsible for some of the putative sexual effects. 

Booze et al. (1999) have shown that while repeated intravenous nicotine administration induced behavioral sensitization in male and female rats, female rats exhibited increased sensitivity to repeated nicotine, relative to males. Furthermore, repeated nicotine administration did not interfere with intact female vaginal cytology, or produce persistent vaginal estrus, esttus acyclicity, or changes in body weight. The peak arterial nicotine concentrations were similar in male and female rats. 

Contraindications Abnormal vaginal bleeding, active arterial thrombosis, blood dys-crasias, estrogen-dependent cancer, known or suspected breast cancer, thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders, thyroid dysfunction... 

Superficial or surface bleeding at puncture sites (venous cutdowns, arterial punctures, surgical sites, IM sites, retroperitoneal/intracerebral sites) internal bleeding (GI/GU tract, vaginal). 

Cicinelli, E., Cignarelli, M., Sabatelli, S., Romano, F., Schonauer, L. M., Padovano, R., and Einer-Jensen, N. (1998), Plasma concentrations of progesterone are higher in the uterine artery than in the radial artery after vaginal administration of micronized progesterone in an oil-based solution to postmenopausal women, Fertil. Steril., 69, 471—473. 

The human vagina, a fibromuscular tube 10-15 cm long, extends upwards and backwards from the vulva to the lower uterine cervix. Blood is supplied to the vagina via the uterine and pudendal arteries, and is drained from the vagina by a rich plexus, which flows into the internal iliac veins. The surface of the vaginal epithelium is kept moist by cervical secretions. The pH of vaginal fluid is 4-5. 

Modern oral contraceptives can contribute to the incidence and severity of certain diseases if other risk factors are present. The following conditions are considered absolute contraindications for combination oral contraceptives the presence or history of thromboembolic disease, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or congenital hyperlipidemia known or suspected carcinoma of the breast, carcinoma of the female reproductive tract, or other hormone-dependent/responsive neoplasias abnormal undiagnosed vaginal bleeding known or suspected pregnancy and past or present liver tumors or impaired liver function. The risk of serious cardiovascular side effects is particularly marked in women over 35 years of age who smoke heavily (e.g., >15 cigarettes/day) even low-dose oral contraceptives are contraindicated in such patients. 

There have been complications reported in association with the use of trisacryl gelatin microspheres. De Blok et al. reported a case of fatal sepsis after uterine artery embolization performed with this agent. In this case, diffuse necrosis of the vaginal wall and cervix was found, attributed to distal penetration of spheres measuring 500-700 p in diameter... 

Fig. 9.8. Angiogram of left uterine artery contrast media extravasation from a vaginal laceration (arrows)...

Berkowitz RP, Hutchins FL Jr et al (1999) Vaginal expulsion of submucosal fibroids after uterine artery embolization. A report of three cases. J Reprod Med 44 373-376... 

Walker WJ, Carpenter TT et al (2004) Persistent vaginal discharge after uterine artery embolization for fibroid tumors cause of the condition, magnetic resonance imaging appearance, and surgical treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190 1230-1233... 

The uterine veins parallel the arteries forming the plexuses that end into the internal iliac vein uterine veins merge with vaginal plexus downward and with the ovarian veins upwards. Venous blood from... 

Lowenstein L, Soft 1, Siegler E, RazN, Amit A (2004) Focal cervical and vaginal necrosis following uterine artery embolisation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 116 250-251... 

A reported complication after uterine artery embolization has been a persistent vaginal discharge [86]. This discharge, which is often characterized as brown or red-brown in color, can begin within days of the embolization procedure and can potentially last for several months [7]. Vaginal discharge may be more frequent in patients with submucosal fibroids or when embolization of the uterine arteries to stasis has been performed (Fig. 10.4.8) [7,53]. 

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