Vaginal estrus

F (irregular estrus cycles) 0.28 F (ovarian cysts persistent vaginal estrus) ... 

Rat (Sprague-Dawley) 14-50 ad lib (W) 502 (decreased testicular weights delayed vaginal opening and disruption of estrus cycling) Ronis etal. 1996 PbAc... 

Mouse (BALB/c) 160 d (F) 5.2 (persistent vaginal estrus reversible reproductive fai1ure) Huber 1965... 

Persistent vaginal estrus was reported in female mice receiving 2 mg/kg chlordecone daily for 2 weeks (Swartz et al. 1988). 

Intermediate-duration studies with treated females show that exposure to chlordecone may result in persistent vaginal estrus, decreased ovulation, and reproductive failure. Persistent vaginal estrus was observed in female mice at doses as low as 2 mg/kg/day for 3-6 weeks (Huber 1965 Swartz and Mall 1989 Swartz et al. 1988). Increased atresia of follicles (Swartz and Mall 1989), decreased ovulation (Swartz et al. 1988), and small and medium-sized follicles (Swartz and Mall 1989) have been observed after 4 weeks of exposure to 8 mg/kg/day of chlordecone. Similarly, decreased corpora lutea have been observed following administration of 3.9 mg/kg/day for 130 days (Huber 1965). Decreased numbers of litters or complete reproductive failure have been observed after exposure of female rats to 1.62-1.71 mg/kg/day for 4.5 months or female mice to 5.2 mg/kg/day for 160 days (Huber 1965). 

Gellert RJ. 1978. Kepone, mirex, dieldrin, and aldrin Estrogenic activity and the induction of persistent vaginal estrus and anovulation in rats following neonatal treatment. Environ Res 16 131-138. 

Uphouse L, Mason G, Hunter V. 1984. Persistent vaginal estrus and serum hormones after chlordecone (Kepone) treatment of adult female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 72 177-186. 

Booze et al. (1999) have shown that while repeated intravenous nicotine administration induced behavioral sensitization in male and female rats, female rats exhibited increased sensitivity to repeated nicotine, relative to males. Furthermore, repeated nicotine administration did not interfere with intact female vaginal cytology, or produce persistent vaginal estrus, esttus acyclicity, or changes in body weight. The peak arterial nicotine concentrations were similar in male and female rats. 

The systemic presence of estrus odor in domestic cows was confirmed experimentally if estrous and diestrous cows are scrubbed with detergent, a bull cannot distinguish between the two. Furthermore, the response of a bull to a diestrous cow was not affected if the cow was marked with vaginal mucus of an... 

Female mice have volatile components in their urine that are depressed after adrenalectomy. Six components have been detected, of which three (2-heptanone, trans-5-h. ptea-l-one., and tra 5-4-hepten-2-one) have no apparent effects either as a group or when added to the other three components. The active three components are w-pentyl acetate, m-2-penten-l-yl acetate, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (Fig. 8.3). If 2,5-dimethylpyrazine is painted daily on the external nares of young female mice from day 21 on, the time of the first vaginal estrus is delayed. These three compoimds act in redimdant fashion the two acetate esters delay vaginal estrus by 1.5 days, on average 2,5-dimethylpyrazine alone delays it by 2.4 days, and a mixture of all three delays it by 1.7 days. (Novotny et a /., 1986a). 

Parr, M.B., et al. 1991. Langherans cells phagocytose vaginal epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis during the murine estrus cycle. Biol Reprod 45 252. 

During the 2-week dosing premating phase, daily vaginal smears assessed for stage of estrus... 

Abnormal findings for estrous animals include persistent estrus, prolonged diestrus, or anestrus (May and Finch 1988). To characterize the estrous cycle in appropriate experimental animals, studies can use vaginal cytology or other cyclic signs in animals that menstruate,... 

In animals with estrous cycles, the onset of puberty is marked by vaginal opening. Reproductive senescence may manifest as persistent vaginal estrus followed by anestrus. A change in the age at puberty or reproductive senescence is sufficient to characterize reproductive toxicity, although it is desirable to have supporting data that explain the mechanism of toxicity. 

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