Vacuolization

Wool fibers consist of cells, where battened ovedapping cuticle cells form a protective sheath around cortical cells. In some coarser fibers, a central vacuolated medullary cell type may be present. 

Bacteroid- Altered form of cells of certain bacteria. Refers particularly to the swollen, irregular vacuolated cells of rhizobia in nodules of legumes. 

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus. Vacuole... 

It is a very large vesicle enclosed by a single membrane called the tonoplast. Vacuoles tend to be smaller in young cells, but in mature cells, they may occupy more than 50% of the cell s volume. Vacuoles occupy the center of the cell, with the cytoplasm being located peripherally around it. They resemble the lysosomes of animal cells. 

Vacuoles function in transport and storage of nutrients and cellular waste products. 

By accumulating water, the vacuole allows the plant cell to grow dramatically in size with no increase in cytoplasmic volume. 

Kera-hefe, /. seed yeast, -hbhle, /. Biol.) nuclear vacuole, -holz, n. heart wood. 

Hemozoin, also known as malaria pigment, is, in teims of its chemical composition, identical to (3-hematin. Hemozoin is formed as a crystallization product of heme under the acidic conditions present in the food vacuole of malarial parasites. In the crystal, the heme molecules are linked into dimers through reciprocal iron-carboxylate bonds to one of the propionate side chains of each porphyrin. The dimers form chains linked by hydrogen bonds. 

Doberstein, S.K., Baines, I.C., Wiegand, G., Kom, E.D., Pollard, T.D. (1993). Inhibition of contractile vacuole function in vivo by antibodies against myosin-I. Nature 365, 841-843. 

In childhood and adult-onset forms of AM, more moderate glycogen storage and vacuolation of muscle are seen and not all fibers are affected. Although cardiomegaly is not apparent in childhood AMD, glycogen storage is detectable histologically in heart muscle. 

Glycogenosis type IV (branching enzyme deficiency) results in the formation of a variant of glycogen, characterized by abnormally long inner and outer glucosyl chains and fewer branch points than normal. The abnormal variant is stored in sufficient amounts to cause some vacuolation. The clinical manifestations of this... 

Primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is usually first manifest in childhood. Attacks may last for a period of a few hours to several days, and the degree of muscle damage associated with the condition appears to increase with age and frequency of attacks. Vacuolation and dilatation of the SR is the most obvious form of damage, and it increases with age. 

Muscle biopsy with full histochemical and ultrastructural investigation is necessary for the confirmation of a diagnosis of IBM. The inclusions which are the hallmark of this disorder are to be found in three locations (a) basophilic granular inclusions are found at the periphery of vacuoles within the cytoplasm of muscle fibers (b) eosinophilic hyaline inclusions are also found in the cytoplasm but are not associated with vacuoles and (c) intranuclear inclusions consisting of aggregates of filamentous microtubules are found in a variable percentage of muscle nuclei. Inclusions of the first two types are visible at light microscope level, whereas the third type is detectable at the electron microscope level only. Ultrastructural... 

The major mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, is secreted by cells of the zona glomerulosa. Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn s syndrome) is associated with potassium depletion which is, in mm, responsible for the observed neuromuscular abnormalities seen in the disorder. These are similar to those seen in hypokalemic periodic paralysis (PP), with episodic and severe exacerbations of fixed muscle weakness. Muscle biopsy shows occasional muscle necrosis and vacuoles often these feamres are accompanied by mbular aggregates as in hypokalemic PP. All these changes can be attributed to the hypokalemia and not to excess aldosterone production per se. 

Miller Scott (1985) reported marked reduction in thymus weight in rats fed dioctyltin dichloride for 8 or 12 weeks at a level of 75 mg/kg diet. Numbers of lymphocytes together with T cell subpopulations were reduced in treated rats, but no difference was seen in antibody response to sheep red blood cells in vivo. No evidence was foimd of in vitro cytocidal effects of dioctyltin dichloride on blood lymphocytes. Evans et al. (1986) dosed pregnant and non-pregnant rats for 3 weeks at 75 mg/kg diet and reported severe thymic atrophy and extensive vacuolation of reticuloendothelial cells in pregnant animals only. 

Rat DOTC 3 weeks at 75 mg/kg diet = 3.75 mg/kg body weight Severe thymic atrophy extensive vacuolation of the reticuloepithellal cells in pregnant animals only Effects reported at 3.75 Evans et al. (1986)... 

Tissue Potassium concentration (mol m ) Cytoplasm Vacuole Reference... 

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