Vacuole biogenesis

Bryant, N., and Stevens, T. (1998). Vacuole biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein transport pathway to the yeast vacuole. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 230—247. 

Saiardi, A., Caffrey, J.J., Snyder, S.H., and Shears, S.B., 2000a, The inositol hexakisphosphate kinase family Catalytic flexibility and function in yeast vacuole biogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 275 24686-24692. 

The mechanism of flavonoid regulation of vacuolar biogenesis is not understood. However, the existence of vacuole biogenesis and flavonoid accumulation phenotypes in different mutants, such as mtv6, ahalO, ttl2, and tds4 [9, 10, 16,... 

Elavonoid transport from the sites of biogenesis or from the sites of transitional accumulation takes place by diffusion or active transport across the closely connected membranes of smooth EE and associated organelles (plastids, vacuoles, plasmalemma), and through the EB. During the endoplasmic transfer, the osmiophilic properties of the secretion disappear. This characteristic may be related to the possible bonding of aglycons with proteins, vjith terpenoids or with phenolic acids. 

In collaboration with Dr. Margaret Roberts of the University of London, we recently learned that latex also contains miUimolar concentrations of dopamine, a fraction of which occurs in the same, relatively dense vacuoles that are rich in alkaloids (Roberts et al. 1983). Dopamine is an essential intermediate in the biogenesis of the alkaloids of the Papaveraceae (Shamma and Moniot 1978, Spenser 1969). Dopamine, which is formed from tyrosine, condenses with different carbonyl derivatives in Pic-tet-Spengler reactions to afford simple tetrahydroisoquinolines that can then give rise to a diverse array of alkaloids. Considerable evidence exists to suggest that the chirality of the tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids influences their transformation. It appears that morphinan alkaloids are formed from (-)-R-reticuline, whereas most other alkaloids including sanguinarine are derived from (+)-S-reticuline (Battersby et al 1965, 1975, Wilson and Coscia 1975, Borkowski et al. 1978, Brossi 1982). 

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