Lipid vacuole

F (increased relative liver weights hepatocyte lipid vacuolization scattered individual hepatocyte necrosis significant increase in hepatic LI)... 

At necropsy, livers were removed, weighed, examined macroscopically, and prepared for microscopic evaluation. Exposure to 90 ppm chloroform resulted in increased relative liver weights. Female mice exposed to chloroform for 4 days experienced a dose-dependent mild response of uniform hepatocyte lipid vacuolization. Scattered individual hepatocyte necrosis also occurred in a dose-dependent manner. 

Fig. 31.13 Cholesterol ester storage disease. Fine-droplet fatty changes in the hepatocytes. Widely extensive small and larger lipid vacuoles in the liver cells and foam cells of the portal field (Sudan black) (s. fig. 21.5). Same patient as in fig. 31.14...

The sarcolemmal membrane has invaginations which run parallel to the z bands. These invaginations are also known as the T system and are involved in the release of calcium into the cell. The release of calcium leads to a contraction of the myofibrils. Sarcoplasm accounts for 40% of the volume of the fiber and contains glycogen, mitochondria, and lipid vacuoles. 

Citter cells/ xanthogranuloma Crowded macrophages engorged with lipid vacuoles eccentric nucleus noncohesive cells a-ACT (S) KP1 (-I-) muramidase (S) CNS... 

FIGURE 20.17 Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Round lipid vacuoles are visible in pleomorphic astrocytes with H E in this particular specimen. Note that nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios are low, chromatin is finely granular, and nuclear membranes have gentle curves despite the large pleomorphic nuclei and nucleoli. 

Chordoma cells are exuberantly bihlamentous (see Pig. 20.50), containing vimentin and CK in the same cell. The vacuoles of physaliphorous cells contain mucin and glycogen. Their structure is distinct from that of watery perinuclear oligodendroglial halos and the multiplicity of smaller lipid vacuoles of hemangioblastomas (see Pigs. 20.22, 20.50, and 20.56B). 

The liver is most consistently affected in severe acute 2,3,7,8-TCDD poisoning. Goldmann et al. (15) described morphological changes in a liver biopsy from an affected worker as mild subacute hepatitis with focal areas of hyaline. The hepatocytes were enlarged, with moderately sized lipid vacuoles in their cytoplasm. A gray pigment that did not stain positive for iron was noted. 

After breathing 5 % O2 for 20 min, reoxygenation for 5 h caused an increase in volume densities of sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-tubuli and mitochondria more intensely in young rats, and of lipid, vacuoles, mitochondrial destruction and average volume prevailing in senescent animals (Welt et al. 2000). 

Valproic add (2-propyl-n-pentanoic acid, VPA) is an anticonvulsant widely used in the treatment of various epileptic disorders. It has been known that VPA administration caused severe hepatic dysfunction similar to Reye s syndrome in a small number of patients. Deaths from hepatotoxicity were also reptorted. VPA affects carnitine and ammonia levels and other metabolic parameters related to fatty acid oxidation. The potential hepatotoxidty by VPA is caused by its unsaturated metabolites, such as 4-en-VPA. Histologically, miaovesicular steatosis induced by 4-en-VPA is accon )anied by ultrastructural changes characterized by myeloid bodies, lipid vacuoles and mitochondrial abnormaUties. An enhanced excretion of Cg to Cio dicarboxylic acids by patients and rats indicates an interference with mitochondrial 3-oxidation as an important pathogenesis. If the normal pathway of fatty add oxidation is disrupted by VPA, it results in reduced ketone body formation and decrease of free coenzyme-A (CoA) in the liver. Especially, deaeased CoA would limit the activities of one or more enzymes in the pathway of fatty add oxidation. 

Fig. 3. Nerve cell from the trigeminal gcmglion of a mouse injected iv with cadmium in a dose of 5 mg/kg bw and killed after 24 h. The cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are dilated (arrows) and mitochondria display increased matrical density. Ribosomes are lying freely in the cytoplasm. Lipid vacuoles (1) are present in a satellite cell. Reproduced with permission of Acta Neuropathologica.

Two days after intraperitoneal injection of cholesterol-l,2- H, electron microscopic autoradiographs demonstrated that the labeled cholesterol was distributed throughout many cells in the lung and was heavily associated with the lipid vacuoles of the septal cells in the alveolar walls. Alveolar macrophages were highly labeled at 4 and 8 days after injection (Darrah, 1970). 

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