Vacuolating cytotoxin

pylori, a Gram-negative bacteria implicated in the padu enesis of peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma, secretes a toxin, referred to as the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), capable of inducing the formation of large vacuoles in epithelial cells. Althot not required fiir infection. 

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Atherton, J. C., Cao, P., Peek, R. M., Jr., Tummuru, M. K., Blaser, M. J., and Cover, T. L. (1995). Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. /. Biol. Chem. 270, 17771-17777. 

Schmitt, W. and Haas, R. 1994, Genetic analysis of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin structural similarities with the IgA protease type of exported protein. Mol.MicrobioL, 12 307-319... 

Weel, J. et al.. The interrelationship between cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin,... 

Salama NR, Otto G, Tompkins L et aL Vacuolating cytotoxin of hclicobacter pylori plays a role during colonization in a mouse model of infection. Infect Immun 2001 69(2) 730-736. 

Scwald X, Gcbcrt- gl B, Prassl S et aL integrin subunit CD 18 Is the T-lymphocyte receptor for the hclicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. Cell Host Microbe 2008 3(l) 20-29. 

Gebcrt B, Fischer W, iss E et al. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin inhibits T-lymphocyte activation. Science 2003 301(5636) 1099-1102. 

Supajatura V, l hio H, V da A et aL Cutting edge VacA. a vacuolating cytotoxin of heUcobacter pylori, directly activates mast cells for migration and production of proinflammatory cytokines. J Immunol 2002 168(6) 2603-2607. 

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