Nasal mucosa vaccine delivery

Of all the mucosal, nasal mucosa is considered to be the most permeable, offering tremendous scope for peptide delivery, particularly for vaccines (90% of pathogens invade via mucosa).Already, several peptide formulations are on the market, and further developments will depend on clarifying the immunogenicity of bioactive agents on the nasal mucosa and the long-term effect of enhancers on the nasal mucociliary activity. 

DNA-based vaccines have been recently developed for immunization to overcome the deficiencies of antigen-based vaccines. The major sites of delivery for DNA-based immunization include the oral, nasal, rectal, and vaginal mucosas. The ability of a hepatitis B surface antigen-encoding plasmid to induce... 

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