Utilization efficiency

Changing process configuration to SRC-II was successful in producing about 50% additional oil. However, a large increase in light hydrocarbon gas make accompanied this increase with an attendant reduction in hydrogen utilization efficiency, and problems persisted using coals other than Kentucky 9/14. 

Fuel costs vaiy widely from one area to another because of the cost of the fuel itself and the cost of transportation. Any meaningful cost comparison between fuels requires current costs based on such factors as the amounts used at a particular geographical location, utilization efficiencies or energy-ratio data for the equipment involved, and the effects of Torm v ue. Although the costs given in Table 27-9 do not apply to specific locations, they give fuel-cost trends. 

The COP s of specific air conditioners will vary widely with both manufacturer and application. Electricity utility efficiencies will also differ between countries. However, the reason for the economic interest in heat-driven cycles remains clear. Given that primary fuels can cost the consumer approximately 25% of the cost of electricity and that electricity frequently costs more at times of peak demand, there is justification for considering alternative systems. The use of a primary fuel at the point of use can also reduce COj and other emissions. 

Furnaces and boilers sold today must by law have annual fuel utilization efficiency of at least 78 to 80 percent. Gas water heaters operating this way as space heaters are equivalent to the efficiency of pre-1992 furnaces and boilers which had space heating efficiencies typically in the mid-60 percent range. However, the combined efficiency for space and... 

Most new gas and oil-fueled furnaces and boilers have similar efficiencies. The range of efficiency has narrowed with the introduction of minimum efficiency standards for new products sold since 1992. New gas and oil heating equipment currently available in the marketplace have /knnual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) ratings of at least 78 to 80 percent. /VFUE is a measure of how efficient a furnace operates on an annual basis and takes into account cycling losses of the furnace or boiler. It does not include the... 

Capacity (Kg/h) = 360 x power Fractional beam utilization efficiency... 

Figure 26 shows that trimethylamine (TMA), a strong Lewis base with a pAia value of 9.9, introduced to the reactant gas stream at a concentration of 10-20 ppm, appreciably improves the catalytic performances in every aspect of catalytic performance, propylene conversion, PO selectivity, H2 utilization efficiency, and catalyst life [88]. It is worth noting that TMA makes used catalysts... 

Fig. 3. Effect of Pb (a) and Cd (b) on substrate utilization efficiency of soil microbial communities as indicated by average well color development (AWCD) at 590 nm (from Akmal et al. 2005a).

Obviously, the overall feed cost depends on the price of the feed as well as its utilization efficiency. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.12. Accordingly, vegetables oils are not competitive with crude oil priced at 50 bbl 1, whereas grains and ligno-... 

Antoine et al. [28] inveshgated the gradient across the CL and found that the Pt utilization was dependent on the CL porosity. In a nonporous CL, catalyst utilization was increased through the preferential locahon of Pt close to the gas diffusion layer in a porous CL, catalyst utilization efficiency was increased through the preferential location of Pt close to the polymer electrolyte membrane. In PEM fuel cells, fhe CL has a porous structure, and better performance is expected if higher Pf loading is used af preferential locahons close to the membrane/catalyst layer interface. 

As Table 1 illustrates, Switzerland exhibits an extremely high specific aimual production of electrical energy from hydro power - by far the largest compared to other countries within Europe. This reflects the high level of water utilization, efficient production facilities, and a high density of power stations more than 90% of suitable rivers and streams are harnessed in Switzerland for this purpose [13]. 

Reduced hydrocarbon gas make resulting in reduced feed gas consumption and enhanced hydrogen utilization efficiency... 

Good housekeeping practices to ensure that resources are utilized efficiently ... 

Another possible mechanism to account for the formation of 3 was suggested on the basis of the preferential coordination of the Lewis acid with the carbonyl oxygen.83,84 In practice, this method has been utilized efficiently as pivotal steps in the total synthesis of ( )-5-oxosilphiper-fol-6-ene,83 ( + )-silphiperfol-6-ene,83 and ( )-3-oxosi]phinene.84... 

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