Uterine mucosa

Estradiol is the most important of the estrogens. Like progesterone, it is synthesized by the ovaries and, during pregnancy, by the placenta as well. Estradiol controls the menstrual cycle, it promotes proliferation of the uterine mucosa, and is also responsible for the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics (breast, fat distribution, etc.). 

Inducing other changes in the uterine mucosa which may be unfavourable for the implantation of fertilized ovum. This action is important in minipills and postcoital pills. 

The blastocyst implants into the maternal endometrial wall on about the 7th day of embryonic life. Trophoblastic cells attach to the uterine mucosa by apposition and adhesion. Under the influence of progesterone and estrogen, the uterine lumen closes, which brings the blastocyst into close contact with the endometrium. Adhesion of the trophoblastto the uterine epithelium occurs with increasing apposition and involves cell surface glycoproteins. The uterine epithelium is penetrated by syncytial growths on the trophoblast into the adjacent uterine epithelial cells. Subsequently, the trophoblastic membranes... 

After fertilization, the human ovum, which is already segmented, burrows in the endometrium, accompanied by the outer cells of the blastocyst, which participates in forming the placenta the uterine mucosa at that time presents an edematous stroma with glands rich in glycogen, lipoid material, and mucoid secretion. 

Estradiol Ovary (follicles) Proliferation of the uterine mucosa (estrus). 

Physiological Effects. The follicular hormone (estrogen) is responsible primarily for the regular course of the genital cycles, which are the estrus cycles (assay procedures on laboratory animals) or the menstrual cycles (in man and monkeys). Estrone causes uterine mucosa to proliferate. During the cycle it acts in conjunction with progesterone and the hypophyseal hormones (cf. also Section 11.)... 

Fig. 55. The menstrual cycle. Top Relative concentrations of the hypophysis hormones, and below it the a tivity,of the ovaries. Second group of curves Relative concentrations of the gonadal hormones, and below it the functional state of the uterine mucosa dependent on these concentrations. Excretion of the hormone catabolites follows the concentration of the hormones (last curve). After W. Dirscherl in Fermente, Hormone, Vitamine, (R. Ammon and W. Dirscherl, eds.), 3rd ed., Vol. II Hormone, p. 169, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, 1960.

With menstrual bleeding the uterine mucosa is returned to the starting point of the cycle. The new maturing follicle produces estrone, necessary for proliferation, and the process is repeated anew. The cyclic process depends principally on the al-temating stimulation of the ovary by the hypophysis and the bade reaction of ovarian hormones on the hypophysis. 

Estrogens stimulate cellular proliferation, induce RNA and protein synthesis of uterine endometrium and the fibrous connective tissue framework for ovaries, and increase the size of the cells. This effect leads to the growth and regeneration of the endometrial layer and spinal arterioles, and increase in the number and size of endometrial glands. Under the influence of estrogen, vaginal mucosa becomes thicker, as cervical mucus becomes thinner (85,86). 

Histamine (2-[4-imidazole] ethylamine) is a low-molecular-weight amine synthesized from L-histidine exclusively by histidine decarboxylase. It is produced by various cells throughout the body, including central nervous system neurons, gastric mucosa parietal cells, mast cells, basophils and lymphocytes [1-4]. Since its discovery as a uterine... 

The oviducts are also known as the Fallopian tubes or uterine tubes. The wall of the oviduct consists of three layers a mucosa, a muscular layer and an outer layer of connective tissue. When the ovum is released by the ovary, it is taken up by the oviduct. The ends of the oviducts are not directly attached to the ovaries but open into the abdominal cavity close to them. The opening of each is funnel-shaped and surrounded by long finger-like projections, fimbriae, with ciliated epithelium which catch the ovum as it is released. The other ends open directly into the uteras. The lower end of the latter is known as the cervix and opens into the vagina. 

In the human, the uterus lies like an inverted pear in the pelvis. The wall of the uterus consists of three layers a thin outer layer, the perimetrium a middle muscular layer, the myometrium and an inner glandular mucosa, the endometrium, which lines the uterine cavity. Once the ovum is fertilised, the zygote undergoes several cell cycles (Chapter 20) to form a rounded mass of cells, the blastocyst, which passes into the uterus where it implants in the wall (see below). 

Hi-receptors mainly mediate the constriction of large and relaxation of small blood vessels, contractions of the bronchial, intestinal and uterine smooth muscle and contractions of vascular endothelial cells with the result of an increased capillary permeability. The lymphatic flow is augmented by Hi-receptor stimulation. H2-receptor stimulation induce a dilatation of pulmonary arteries, a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect on the heart and an increased glandular secretion, especially in the mucosa of the stomach. 

Vaginal Uterine, vaginal mucosa Suppository tablets... 

GRP 119) 53 was isolated from porcine mucosae and causes gastrin secretion. The C-terminal decapeptide of GRP is, with the exception of His20, identical with that of bombesin 54, and also coincides with the sequence of the decapeptide neuromedin C 119b,c) [Gly18-Met27]-GRP. Neuromedin C, a porcine spinal-cord peptide that can also be regarded as a bombesin-like peptide, exerts stimulating effects on rat uterine smooth muscle and functions as a neuromediator in the neural communication systems of mammals. 

Efforts to synthesize stable derivatives of prostaglandins for therapeutic applications have not been very successful to date. Dino-prostone (PGE2), carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2a) and mifeprostone are uterine stimulants (p.130, 254). Misoprostol is meant to afford protection of the gastric mucosa but has pronounced systemic side effects. All these substances lack organ specificity. 

Compound Dose (mg/kg) Increase in uterine weight" Hypertrophy of uterine luminal epithelium Cornification of vaginal mucosa... 

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